From the *Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH

the †Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH

the ‡SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centre, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada

the §Child Health Evaluative Sciences, SickKids Research institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada

the ∥Department of Paediatrics and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

¶ICES, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Received January 31, 2023; accepted February 28, 2023.

E.I.B. served as consultant for McKesson Canada and the Dairy Farmers of Ontario for matters unrelated to medications used to treat inflammatory bowel disease. E.I.B. holds the Northbridge Financial Corporation Chair in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, a joint Hospital-University Chair between the University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, and the SickKids Foundation. The remaining author reported no conflicts of interest.

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Eric I. Benchimol, MD, PhD, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada (e-mail: [email protected]).