Diagnostic Value of Vessel Wall Imaging to Determine the Timing of Extracranial‒Intracranial Bypass for Moyamoya Syndrome Associated with Active Sjögren's Syndrome: A Case Report

J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg
DOI: 10.1055/a-1832-3269

Takafumi Shindo

1   Department of Neurosurgery, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan

,

1   Department of Neurosurgery, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan

,

1   Department of Neurosurgery, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan

,

Tomohiro Okuyama

1   Department of Neurosurgery, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan

,

Michihito Kono

2   Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan

,

Tatsuya Atsumi

2   Department of Rheumatology, Endocrinology, and Nephrology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan

,

Miki Fujimura

1   Department of Neurosurgery, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan

› Author Affiliations Funding This study was supported by Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) under grant number JP21ek0109540, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology and Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI grant numbers 19H03765 (M.I.) and 20K09362 (M.F.). This study was also partially supported by research grants funded by Japan Blood Products Organization (2021) and Daiichi Sankyo Foundation of Life Science. (A21-1332).
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Background Sjögren's syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disorder that predominantly affects exocrine organs. It is characterized by an organ-specific infiltration of lymphocytes. The involvement of the major cerebral arteries in Sjögren's syndrome has rarely been reported. A recent study reported a case of successful extracranial–intracranial (EC–IC) bypass without complications, even in the active inflammatory state, although the optimal timing of such a bypass remains unclear.

Case Description We here report the case of a 43-year-old woman presenting with acute ischemic stroke due to progressive middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion and signs of primary Sjögren's syndrome. During intensive immunosuppressive therapy for active Sjögren's syndrome, the patient was monitored using contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance vessel wall imaging (MR-VWI). A couple of intravenous cyclophosphamide injections combined with a methylprednisolone pulse and antiplatelet therapy resulted in clear resolution of vessel wall enhancement, which suggested remission of inflammatory vasculitis. Nevertheless, she still experienced a transient ischemic attack (TIA) due to decreased regional cerebral blood flow by MCA occlusion, as demonstrated by the conventional time-of-flight MR angiography and single-photon emission computed tomography. Considering the increased risk of further stroke, the decision was made to perform an EC–IC bypass as a treatment for medically uncontrollable hemodynamic impairment. Her postoperative course was uneventful without further repeated TIAs, and continued immunosuppressive therapy for Sjögren's syndrome provided effective management.

Conclusions Our findings emphasize the diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced MR-VWI in monitoring the effect of immunosuppressive therapy for the major cerebral artery vasculitis and in determining the timing of EC–IC bypass as a “rescue” treatment for moyamoya syndrome associated with active Sjögren's syndrome.

Keywords large cerebral artery - moyamoya syndrome - Sjögren's syndrome - vascular disorder - vessel wall imaging Publication History

Received: 24 February 2022

Accepted: 19 April 2022

Accepted Manuscript online:
22 April 2022

Article published online:
23 May 2023

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