aChina-Australia Joint Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center

bKey Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi

cSchool of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China

dDepartment of Mathematics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA

eState Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (SKLID), National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention (NCAIDS), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Beijing

fGuangxi Key Laboratory of Major Infectious Disease Prevention Control and Biosafety Emergency Response, Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China.

Correspondence to Yanni Xiao, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710049, China. E-mail: [email protected]

Received 12 November, 2022

Revised 30 January, 2023

Accepted 13 February, 2023

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