Available online 16 May 2023

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have emerged as a treatment option for non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Urologists need to be aware of the indications for ICI treatment in this setting and the systemic toxicities associated with these agents. We provide a brief overview of the most common treatment-related adverse events reported in the literature and summarize guidelines for their management.

Immunotherapy is now being used as a treatment option for bladder cancer that does not invade the bladder muscle. Urologists need to become comfortable in recognizing and managing adverse effects associated with immunotherapy drugs.

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© 2023 European Association of Urology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.