Jelinek HF, Osman WM, Khandoker AH, Khalaf K, Lee S, Almahmeed W, Alsafar HS. Clinical profiles, comorbidities and complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients from United Arab Emirates. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2017;5(1):e000427.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abdissa D, Kene K. Prevalence and determinants of Hypertension among Diabetic Patients in Jimma University Medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia, 2019. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2020;13:2317–25.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Emdin CA, Rahimi K, Neal B, Callender T, Perkovic V, Patel A. Blood pressure lowering in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2015;313(6):603–15.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kaze AD, Santhanam P, Musani SK, Ahima R, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB. Metabolic Dyslipidemia and Cardiovascular Outcomes in type 2 diabetes Mellitus: findings from the look AHEAD study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10(7):e016947.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Diaz KM, Tanner RM, Falzon L, Levitan EB, Reynolds K, Shimbo D, Muntner P. Visit-to-visit variability of blood pressure and cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hypertension. 2014;64(5):965–82.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bangalore S, Breazna A, DeMicco DA, Wun CC, Messerli FH, Committee TNTS, Investigators. Visit-to-visit low-density lipoprotein cholesterol variability and risk of cardiovascular outcomes: insights from the TNT trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(15):1539–48.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boey E, Gay GM, Poh KK, Yeo TC, Tan HC, Lee CH. Visit-to-visit variability in LDL- and HDL-cholesterol is associated with adverse events after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a 5-year follow-up study. Atherosclerosis. 2016;244:86–92.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xu D, Fang H, Xu W, Yan Y, Liu Y, Yao B. Fasting plasma glucose variability and all-cause mortality among type 2 diabetes patients: a dynamic cohort study in Shanghai, China. Sci Rep. 2016;6:39633.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Koh SM, Chung SH, Yum YJ, Park SJ, Joo HJ, Kim YH, Kim EJ. Comparison of the effects of triglyceride variability and exposure estimate on clinical prognosis in diabetic patients. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022;21(1):245.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

group Sw, collaboration ESCCr. SCORE2 risk prediction algorithms: new models to estimate 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease in Europe. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(25):2439–54.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kim MK, Han K, Park YM, Kwon HS, Kang G, Yoon KH, Lee SH. Associations of variability in blood pressure, glucose and cholesterol concentrations, and body Mass Index with Mortality and Cardiovascular Outcomes in the General Population. Circulation. 2018;138(23):2627–37.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wightman SS, Sainsbury CAR, Jones GC. Visit-to-visit HbA1c variability and systolic blood pressure (SBP) variability are significantly and additively associated with mortality in individuals with type 1 diabetes: an observational study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20(4):1014–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ceriello A, De Cosmo S, Rossi MC, Lucisano G, Genovese S, Pontremoli R, Fioretto P, Giorda C, Pacilli A, Viazzi F, et al. Variability in HbA1c, blood pressure, lipid parameters and serum uric acid, and risk of development of chronic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2017;19(11):1570–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hashemi Madani N, Ismail-Beigi F, Khamseh ME, Malek M, Ebrahimi Valojerdi A. Predictive and explanatory factors of cardiovascular disease in people with adequately controlled type 2 diabetes. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2017;24(11):1181–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rothwell PM, Howard SC, Dolan E, O’Brien E, Dobson JE, Dahlof B, Sever PS, Poulter NR. Prognostic significance of visit-to-visit variability, maximum systolic blood pressure, and episodic hypertension. Lancet. 2010;375(9718):895–905.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vidal-Petiot E, Stebbins A, Chiswell K, Ardissino D, Aylward PE, Cannon CP, Ramos Corrales MA, Held C, Lopez-Sendon JL, Stewart RAH, et al. Visit-to-visit variability of blood pressure and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with stable coronary heart disease. Insights from the STABILITY trial. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(37):2813–22.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bangalore S, Fayyad R, Messerli FH, Laskey R, DeMicco DA, Kastelein JJ, Waters DD. Relation of variability of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and blood pressure to events in patients with previous myocardial infarction from the IDEAL trial. Am J Cardiol. 2017;119(3):379–87.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chiriaco M, Pateras K, Virdis A, Charakida M, Kyriakopoulou D, Nannipieri M, Emdin M, Tsioufis K, Taddei S, Masi S, et al. Association between blood pressure variability, cardiovascular disease and mortality in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2019;21(12):2587–98.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hata J, Arima H, Rothwell PM, Woodward M, Zoungas S, Anderson C, Patel A, Neal B, Glasziou P, Hamet P, et al. Effects of visit-to-visit variability in systolic blood pressure on macrovascular and microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the ADVANCE trial. Circulation. 2013;128(12):1325–34.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cardoso CRL, Leite NC, Salles GF. Prognostic importance of visit-to-visit blood pressure variability for micro- and macrovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: the Rio de Janeiro type 2 diabetes cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2020;19(1):50.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kreger BE, Odell PM, D’Agostino RB, Wilson PF. Long-term intraindividual cholesterol variability: natural course and adverse impact on morbidity and mortality–the Framingham Study. Am Heart J. 1994;127(6):1607–14.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim MK, Han K, Kim HS, Park YM, Kwon HS, Yoon KH, Lee SH. Cholesterol variability and the risk of mortality, myocardial infarction, and stroke: a nationwide population-based study. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(48):3560–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Manemann SM, Bielinski SJ, Moser ED, St Sauver JL, Takahashi PY, Roger VL, Olson JE, Chamberlain AM, Remaley AT, Decker PA, et al. Variability in lipid levels and risk for Cardiovascular Disease: an Electronic Health Record-Based Population Cohort Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023;12(5):e027639.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

LaRosa JC, Grundy SM, Waters DD, Shear C, Barter P, Fruchart JC, Gotto AM, Greten H, Kastelein JJ, Shepherd J, et al. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(14):1425–35.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang MC, Li CI, Liu CS, Lin CH, Yang SY, Li TC, Lin CC. Effect of blood lipid variability on mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes: a large single-center cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021;20(1):228.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wan EYF, Yu EYT, Chin WY, Barrett JK, Mok AHY, Lau CST, Wang Y, Wong ICK, Chan EWY, Lam CLK. Greater variability in lipid measurements associated with cardiovascular disease and mortality: a 10-year diabetes cohort study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020;22(10):1777–88.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang A, Liu X, Xu J, Han X, Su Z, Chen S, Zhang N, Wu S, Wang Y, Wang Y. Visit-to-Visit Variability of Fasting Plasma Glucose and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality in the General Population. J Am Heart Assoc 2017, 6(12).

Yu JH, Han K, Park S, Lee DY, Nam GE, Seo JA, Kim SG, Baik SH, Park YG, Kim SM, et al. Effects of long-term glycemic variability on incident cardiovascular disease and mortality in subjects without diabetes: a nationwide population-based study. Med (Baltim). 2019;98(29):e16317.

Article  Google Scholar 

Stewart MJ, Jyothinagaram S, McGinley IM, Padfield PL. Cardiovascular effects of cigarette smoking: ambulatory blood pressure and BP variability. J Hum Hypertens. 1994;8(1):19–22.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ragueneau I, Michaud P, Demolis JL, Moryusef A, Jaillon P, Funck-Brentano C. Effects of cigarette smoking on short-term variability of blood pressure in smoking and non smoking healthy volunteers. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 1999;13(4):501–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar