Pohl M, Hesszenberger D, Kapus K, Meszaros J, Feher A, Varadi I, Pusch G, Fejes E, Tibold A, Feher G. Ischemic stroke mimics: a comprehensive review. J Clin Neurosci. 2021;93:174–82.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ekker MS, Boot EM, Singhal AB, Tan KS, Debette S, Tuladhar AM, de Leeuw FE. Epidemiology, aetiology, and management of ischaemic stroke in young adults. Lancet Neurol. 2018;17(9):790–801.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gittler M, Davis AM. Guidelines for adult stroke rehabilitation and recovery. JAMA. 2018;319(8):820–1.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu S, Wu B, Liu M, Chen Z, Wang W, Anderson CS, Sandercock P, Wang Y, Huang Y, Cui L, et al. Stroke in China: advances and challenges in epidemiology, prevention, and management. Lancet Neurol. 2019;18(4):394–405.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bejot Y, Bailly H, Durier J, Giroud M. Epidemiology of stroke in Europe and trends for the 21st century. Presse Med. 2016;45(12 Pt 2):e391–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Che B, Shen S, Zhu Z, Wang A, Xu T, Peng Y, Li Q, Ju Z, Geng D, Chen J, et al. Education level and long-term mortality, recurrent stroke, and cardiovascular events in patients with ischemic stroke. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9(16):e016671.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jackson CA, Sudlow CLM, Mishra GD. Education, sex and risk of stroke: a prospective cohort study in New South Wales, Australia. BMJ Open. 2018;8(9):e024070.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guzik A, Bushnell C. Stroke epidemiology and risk factor management. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2017;23(1):15–39.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Campbell BCV, Khatri P. Stroke. Lancet. 2020;396(10244):129–42.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Qi W, Ma J, Guan T, Zhao D, Abu-Hanna A, Schut M, Chao B, Wang L, Liu Y. Risk factors for incident stroke and its subtypes in China: a prospective study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9(21):e016352.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kojo T, Ae R, Kosami K, Ishikawa S, Innami I. Prevention paradox between stroke and multiple potential risk factors using data from a population-based cohort study. Prev Med. 2021;153:106857.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Marshall IJ, Wang Y, Crichton S, McKevitt C, Rudd AG, Wolfe CD. The effects of socioeconomic status on stroke risk and outcomes. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14(12):1206–18.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Feigin VL, Roth GA, Naghavi M, Parmar P, Krishnamurthi R, Chugh S, Mensah GA, Norrving B, Shiue I, Ng M, et al. Global burden of stroke and risk factors in 188 countries, during 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the global burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet Neurol. 2016;15(9):913–24.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Emdin CA, Khera AV, Kathiresan S. Mendelian randomization. JAMA. 2017;318(19):1925–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smith GD, Ebrahim S. Mendelian randomization: can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease? Int J Epidemiol. 2003;32(1):1–22.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carter AR, Sanderson E, Hammerton G, Richmond RC, Davey Smith G, Heron J, Taylor AE, Davies NM, Howe LD. Mendelian randomisation for mediation analysis: current methods and challenges for implementation. Eur J Epidemiol. 2021;36(5):465–78.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee JJ, Wedow R, Okbay A, Kong E, Maghzian O, Zacher M, Nguyen-Viet TA, Bowers P, Sidorenko J, Karlsson Linner R, et al. Gene discovery and polygenic prediction from a genome-wide association study of educational attainment in 1.1 million individuals. Nat Genet. 2018;50(8):1112–21.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yengo L, Sidorenko J, Kemper KE, Zheng Z, Wood AR, Weedon MN, Frayling TM, Hirschhorn J, Yang J, Visscher PM, et al. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for height and body mass index in approximately 700000 individuals of European ancestry. Hum Mol Genet. 2018;27(20):3641–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu M, Jiang Y, Wedow R, Li Y, Brazel DM, Chen F, Datta G, Davila-Velderrain J, McGuire D, Tian C, et al. Association studies of up to 1.2 million individuals yield new insights into the genetic etiology of tobacco and alcohol use. Nat Genet. 2019;51(2):237–44.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Malik R, Chauhan G, Traylor M, Sargurupremraj M, Okada Y, Mishra A, Rutten-Jacobs L, Giese AK, van der Laan SW, Gretarsdottir S, et al. Multiancestry genome-wide association study of 520,000 subjects identifies 32 loci associated with stroke and stroke subtypes. Nat Genet. 2018;50(4):524–37.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pierce BL, Ahsan H, Vanderweele TJ. Power and instrument strength requirements for Mendelian randomization studies using multiple genetic variants. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40(3):740–52.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Burgess S, Thompson SG, Collaboration CCG. Avoiding bias from weak instruments in Mendelian randomization studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40(3):755–64.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu F, Huang Y, Hu J, Shao Z. Mendelian randomization study of inflammatory bowel disease and bone mineral density. BMC Med. 2020;18(1):312.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brion MJ, Shakhbazov K, Visscher PM. Calculating statistical power in Mendelian randomization studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2013;42(5):1497–501.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bowden J, Davey Smith G, Burgess S. Mendelian randomization with invalid instruments: effect estimation and bias detection through Egger regression. Int J Epidemiol. 2015;44(2):512–25.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xue H, Shen X, Pan W. Constrained maximum likelihood-based Mendelian randomization robust to both correlated and uncorrelated pleiotropic effects. Am J Hum Genet. 2021;108(7):1251–69.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Verbanck M, Chen CY, Neale B, Do R. Detection of widespread horizontal pleiotropy in causal relationships inferred from Mendelian randomization between complex traits and diseases. Nat Genet. 2018;50(5):693–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhao Q, Wang J, Hemani G, Bowden J, Small DS. Statistical inference in two-sample summary-data Mendelian randomization using robust adjusted profile score. JCI Insight. 2020;48(3):1742–69.

Google Scholar 

Collaborators GBDS. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Neurol. 2021;20(10):795–820.

Article  Google Scholar 

Gillum RF, Mussolino ME. Education, poverty, and stroke incidence in whites and blacks: the NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study. J Clin Epidemiol. 2003;56(2):188–95.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McHutchison CA, Backhouse EV, Cvoro V, Shenkin SD, Wardlaw JM. Education, Socioeconomic Status, and intelligence in Childhood and Stroke Risk in later life: a Meta-analysis. Epidemiology. 2017;28(4):608–18.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xiuyun W, Qian W, Minjun X, Weidong L, Lizhen L. Education and stroke: evidence from epidemiology and Mendelian randomization study. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):21208.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Feigin VL, Forouzanfar MH, Krishnamurthi R, Mensah GA, Connor M, Bennett DA, Moran AE, Sacco RL, Anderson L, Truelsen T, et al. Global and regional burden of stroke during 1990–2010: findings from the global burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2014;383(9913):245–54.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, Cushman WC, Dennison-Himmelfarb C, Handler J, Lackland DT, LeFevre ML, MacKenzie TD, Ogedegbe O, et al. 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA. 2014;311(5):507–20.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Saini M, Shuaib A. Blood pressure lowering and stroke. Expert Rev Neurother. 2010;10(2):225–41.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Turin TC, Okamura T, Afzal AR, Rumana N, Watanabe M, Higashiyama A, Nakao Y, Nakai M, Takegami M, Nishimura K, et al. Hypertension and lifetime risk of stroke. J Hypertens. 2016;34(1):116–22.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pandit AU, Tang JW, Bailey SC, Davis TC, Bocchini MV, Persell SD, Federman AD, Wolf MS. Education, literacy, and health: mediating effects on hypertension knowledge and control. Patient Educ Couns. 2009;75(3):381–5.

Article  PubMed