Crumpton SD, Sutheimer CA. Specimen adulteration and substitution in workplace drug testing. Forensic Sci Rev. 2007;19(1–2):1–27.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kronstrand R, Nystrom I, Forsman M, Kall K. Hair analysis for drugs in driver's license regranting. A Swedish pilot study. Forensic Sci Int. 2010;196(1–3):55–58.

Phan HM, Yoshizuka K, Murry DJ, Perry PJ. Drug testing in the workplace. Pharmacotherapy. 2012;32(7):649–56.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Agius R. Utility of coloured hair for the detection of drugs and alcohol. Drug Test Anal. 2014;6(Suppl 1):110–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fu S. Adulterants in urine drug testing. Adv Clin Chem. 2016;76:123–63.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tamama K. Advances in drugs of abuse testing. Clin Chim Acta. 2021;514:40–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Verstraete AG. Detection times of drugs of abuse in blood, urine, and oral fluid. Ther Drug Monit. 2004;26(2):200–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fu S, Luong S, Pham A, Charlton N, Kuzhiumparambil U. Bioanalysis of urine samples after manipulation by oxidizing chemicals: technical considerations. Bioanalysis. 2014;6(11):1543–61.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maurer HH. Analytical toxicology. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2007;388(7):1311.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maurer HH. Analytical toxicology. EXS. 2010;100:317–37.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peters FT. Recent advances of liquid chromatography-(tandem) mass spectrometry in clinical and forensic toxicology. Clin Biochem. 2011;44(1):54–65.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maurer HH. What is the future of (ultra) high performance liquid chromatography coupled to low and high resolution mass spectrometry for toxicological drug screening? J Chromatogr A. 2013;1292:19–24.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maurer HH. Hyphenated high-resolution mass spectrometry-the “all-in-one” device in analytical toxicology? Anal Bioanal Chem. 2021;413(9):2303–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jaffee WB, Trucco E, Levy S, Weiss RD. Is this urine really negative? A systematic review of tampering methods in urine drug screening and testing. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2007;33(1):33–42.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fraser AD, Zamecnik J. Substance abuse monitoring by the Correctional Service of Canada. Ther Drug Monit. 2002;24(1):187–91.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bush DM. The U.S. Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs: current status and future considerations. Forensic Sci Int. 2008;174(2–3):111–119.

Holden B, Guice EA. An investigation of normal urine with a creatinine concentration under the cutoff of 20 mg/dL for specimen validity testing in a toxicology laboratory. J Forensic Sci. 2014;59(3):806–10.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Accurso AJ, Lee JD, McNeely J. High prevalence of urine tampering in an office-based opioid treatment practice detected by evaluating the norbuprenorphine to buprenorphine ratio. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2017;83:62–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lin SY, Lee HH, Lee JF, Chen BH. Urine specimen validity test for drug abuse testing in workplace and court settings. J Food Drug Anal. 2018;26(1):380–4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kluge J, Rentzsch L, Remane D, Peters FT, Wissenbach DK. Systematic investigations of novel validity parameters in urine drug testing and prevalence of urine adulteration in a two-year cohort. Drug Test Anal. 2018;10(10):1536–42.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aydogdu M, Akgur SA. Urine drug-testing tampering approaches: Turkish probationers. Med Sci Law. 2021;61(1):6–13.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Feldhammer M, Saitman A, Nguyen L, Milstid B. Dilution of urine followed by adulteration in an attempt to deceive the laboratory. J Anal Toxicol. 2019;43(1):e7–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rajsic I, Javorac D, Tatovic S, Repic A, Dukic-Cosic D, Dordevic S, Lukic V, Bulat Z. Effect of urine adulterants on commercial drug abuse screening test strip results. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 2020;71(1):87–93.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Matriciani B, Huppertz B, Keller R, Weiskirchen R. False-negative results in the immunoassay analysis of drugs of abuse: can adulterants be detected by sample check test? Ann Clin Biochem. 2018;55(3):348–54.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Olivieri B, Maric M, Bridge C. Determining the effects of adulterants on drug detection via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and adulterant tests strips. Drug Test Anal. 2018;10(9):1383–93.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pham AQN, Kelly T, Fu S. Urine adulteration: can bleach be used to mask MDMA use? Anal Methods. 2013;5(16):3948–55.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gmeiner G, Geisendorfer T. Urine manipulation with liquid soap: a case report. Drug Test Anal. 2020;12(5):575–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Feliu C, Cazaubon Y, Fouley A, Guillemin H, Gozalo C, Djerada Z. A slight smell of lemon. Ther Drug Monit. 2017;39(3):205–7.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goggin MM, Tann CM, Miller A, Nguyen A, Janis GC. Catching fakes: new markers of urine sample validity and invalidity. J Anal Toxicol. 2017;41(2):121–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Franz S, Skopp G, Musshoff F. The effect of creatine ingestion on urinary creatinine concentration: does supplementation mask a heavy dilution? Drug Test Anal. 2022;14(1):162–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Segura J, Ventura R, Pascual JA, de la Torre R. If you play with fire, you may get burned. Drug Test Anal. 2020;12(5):582–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Villena VP. Beating the system: a study of a creatinine assay and its efficacy in authenticating human urine specimens. J Anal Toxicol. 2010;34(1):39–44.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Silva F, Kaileh I, Hobbs GA. A new automated assay for the detection of synthetic urine in drug testing. Drug Test Anal. 2019;11(7):926–30.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim VJ, Okano CK, Osborne CR, Frank DM, Meana CT, Castaneto MS. Can synthetic urine replace authentic urine to “beat” workplace drug testing? Drug Test Anal. 2019;11(2):331–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vikingsson S, Krauss ST, Winecker RE, Flegel RR, Hayes ED. Update on urine adulterants and synthetic urine samples to subvert urine drug testing. J Anal Toxicol. 2022;46(7):697–704.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Taskinen S, Beck O, Bosch T, Brcak M, Carmichael D, Fucci N, George C, Piper M, Salomone A, Schielen W, Steinmeyer S, Weinmann W. European guidelines for workplace drug testing in urine. Drug Test Anal. 2017;9(6):853–65.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kirsh KL, Baxter LE, Rzetelny A, Mazuk M, Passik SD. A survey of ASAM members’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices in urine drug testing. J Addict Med. 2015;9(5):399–404.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dasgupta A. The effects of adulterants and selected ingested compounds on drugs-of-abuse testing in urine. Am J Clin Pathol. 2007;128(3):491–503.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Luginbuhl M, Weinmann W. Creatinine in urine - a method comparison. Drug Test Anal. 2017;9(10):1537–41.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Franz S, Skopp G, Boettcher M, Musshoff F. Creatinine excretion in consecutive urine samples after controlled ingestion of water. Drug Test Anal. 2019;11(3):435–40.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Arndt T. Urine-creatinine concentration as a marker of urine dilution: reflections using a cohort of 45,000 samples. Forensic Sci Int. 2009;186(1–3):48–51.

Article  CAS