Available online 2 May 2023, 102917
Author links open overlay panel, , , , , AbstractPain management is a major challenge in healthcare systems worldwide. Owing to undesirable side effects of current analgesic medications, there is an exceeding need to develop the effective alternative therapeutics. Nowadays, the application of nanomaterials is being highly considered, as their exceptional properties arising from the nanoscale dimensions are undeniable. With the increasing use of metal NPs, more biocompatible and costly methods of synthesis have been developed in which different biological rescores including microorganisms, plants and algae are employed. Nanobiotechnology-based synthesis of nanosized particles is an ecological approach offering safe production of nanoparticles (NPs) by biological resources eliminating the toxicity attributed to the conventional routes. This review provides an assessment of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as antinociceptive agents in recent studies. Living animal models (mice and rats) have been used for analyzing the effect of biogenic NPs on decreasing the nociceptive pain utilizing different methods such as acetic acid-induced writhing test, hot plate test, and formalin test. Potent analgesic activity exhibited by green fabricated AgNPs and AuNPs represents the bright future of nanotechnology in the management of pain and other social and medicinal issues followed by this unpleasant sensation. Moreover, there NPs showed a protective effects on liver, kidney, and body weight in animal models that make them attractive for clinical studies. However, further research is required to fully address the harmless antinociceptive effect of NPs for clinical usage.
Section snippetsNanotechnology and nanobiotechnology: an overviewNanotechnology has recently gained enormous attention in different active areas of research with the incorporation of technology and other aspects [1,2]. This emerging discipline is one of the most important and promising fields of study in the current century enabling the development of pharmaceuticals, medicine, cosmetics, biotechnology, consumer products, food, agriculture, environment protection, information technology, construction, electronics, military, space industry, and energy
Traditional approachPhysical and chemical methods are considered conventional methods of synthesis playing an essential role in the improvement of nanotechnology and the production of nano-ranged matters although their major shortcomings should be taken care of. Regarding the physical technique, NPs can be developed through diverse routes in plenty of which “top-down” technique is applied. Accordingly, breaking down the bulk material into tiny pieces using different physical tools namely thermal evaporation, arc
Bioengineering of silver and gold nanomaterialsAs discussed before the biological method is the most preferred approach known for the formation of stable NPs like AgNPs and AuNPs providing simple and cost-effective steps with the least harm to the environment [29]. Fig. 2 illustrated the ecofriendly synthesis of Au/Ag NPs using biological resources and the repulsive and attractive forces among the bioengineered NPs leading to the stabilization of Au/Ag NPs. There are three main paths considered for the biological synthesis of NPs including
Potential biomedical/biological performance of bioengineered silver and gold nanomaterialsThe use of metal NPs is rapidly growing in various fields of science and industrial application, namely, biology, medicine, electronics, biosensor, agriculture, engineering, treatment of wastewater, catalysis, biomedical devices, food, cosmetics, etc. [9,91]. Biosynthesized AgNPs and AuNPs are greatly considerable among different metal NPs as their physicochemical attributes are extraordinary and their production process is economical with the least harm to the environment [92]. One of the
Nanotechnology and pain managementNowadays, reducing and relieving pain, as an effective social and economic agent, is a major challenge in healthcare systems worldwide. There are different categories of pain, i.e., nociceptive, neuropathic, and inflammatory pain. Stimulation of nociceptors by harmful stimuli leads to the production of nociceptive pain, which is classified into visceral and somatic based on the location of the receptors. Somatic pain contributed to deep tissue and superficial injuries is considered clearly
Animal-based antinociceptive tests: An overviewThe unpleasant sensation of pain is a combination of a series of complex mechanisms that often occur by stimulation of nociceptive receptors. Nociceptive pain is a result of incitation of the later receptors and primary processing takes place in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Glutamate released from afferent fibers incites N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in this pathway. On the other hand, neuropathic pain is caused by injury to the neural structures. Endogenous substances like
Antinociceptive properties of green synthesized silver and gold nanoparticles: An overview of animal studiesThe antinociceptive properties of bioengineered AgNPs and AuNPs have been summarized in Table 2. Besides, Fig. 6 illustrates the bioengineering of nanosized Au/Ag particles for antinociceptive therapy. In a study, Wang et al. reported the green synthesis of AgNPs using Prunus domestica with an average size of 21 nm and morphology nearly spherical. Then, the biogenic AgNPs were studied for their antinociceptive potential in mice by using the acetic acid-induced writhing assay. The results showed
Protective effect of biogenic nanomaterials on liver, kidney, and body weight: An overview of animal studiesOwing to the significant biological and pharmacological properties of bioengineered silver and gold particles, their effects on liver and kidney function as two centers for drug metabolism and excretion must be studied before their use in clinical studies. Hence, we reviewed recent advances in the protective effects of these NPs on the liver, kidney, and normal weight through animal studies.
Conclusion and future remarksAmong numerous exceptional applications of nanotechnology in biomedical and biological domains, the ability of green synthesized AgNPs and AuNPs in the sedation of nociceptive pain is of high interest due to the global prevalence of pain and its complicated management affecting social and medical conditions. This review exhibited the biosynthesis of AgNPs and/or AuNPs with diverse diameters and morphologies in various published papers, in which different analytical methods such as SEM, TEM,
Declaration of Competing InterestThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
AcknowledgmentH.B. would like to acknowledge the support from Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Grant Number 43005561).
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