Rollins NC, Bhandari N, Hajeebhoy N, Horton S, Lutter CK, Martines JC, et al. Why invest, and what it will take to improve breastfeeding practices? The Lancet. 2016;387(10017):491–504.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kramer MS, Kakuma R. Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012(8):CD003517.

World Health Organization. The United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund. Global strategy for infant and young child feeding. Geneva; 2003.

United Nations Children’s Fund. Infant and young child feeding - expanded global databases 2020 [Available from: https://data.unicef.org/topic/nutrition/infant-and-young-child-feeding/

Victora CG, Bahl R, Barros AJ, Franca GV, Horton S, Krasevec J, et al. Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect. The Lancet. 2016;387(10017):475–90.

Article  Google Scholar 

Li J, Nguyen TT, Wang X, Mathisen R, Fang J. Breastfeeding practices and associated factors at the individual, family, health facility and environmental levels in China. Maternal and Child Nutrition. 2020;16(S2):e13002.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Duan Y, Yang Z, Bi Y, Wang J, Pang X, Jiang S, et al. What are the determinants of low exclusive breastfeeding prevalence in China? A cross-sectional study. Maternal and Child Nutrition. 2022;18(2):e13324.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kang L, Liang J, He C, Miao L, Li X, Dai L, et al. Breastfeeding practice in China from 2013 to 2018: a study from a national dynamic follow-up surveillance. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:329.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tang K, Wang H, Tan SH, Xin T, Qu X, Tang T, et al. Association between maternal education and breast feeding practices in China: a population-based cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2019;9(8):e028485.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fang Z, Liu Y, Wang H, Tang K. The patterns and social determinants of breastfeeding in 12 selected regions in China: a population-based cross-sectional study. J Hum Lactation. 2019;36(3):436–47.

Article  Google Scholar 

Li J, Zhao C, Wang Y, Wang YP, Chen CY, Huang Y, et al. Factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding practice among mothers in nine community health centres in Nanning city, China: a cross-sectional study. Int Breastfeed J. 2021;16:71.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization, United Nations Children’s Fund. The Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative: monitoring and reassessment: tools to sustain progress 1991 [Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/65380

World Health Organization, United Nations Children’s Fund. Protecting, promoting and supporting breast-feeding: the special role of maternity services 1989 [Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/39679/1/9241561300.pdf

Chen Z. Launch of the health-care reform plan in China. The Lancet. 2009;373(9672):1322–4.

Article  Google Scholar 

Yu C, Binns CW, Lee AH. Comparison of breastfeeding rates and health outcomes for infants receiving care from hospital outpatient clinic and community health centres in China. J Child Health Care. 2016;20(3):286–93.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Qiao J, Wang Y, Li X, Jiang F, Zhang Y, Ma J, et al. A Lancet Commission on 70 years of women’s reproductive, maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health in China. The Lancet. 2021;397(10293):2497–536.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tang L, Lee AH, Binns CW, Duan L, Liu Y, Li C. WeChat-based intervention to support breastfeeding for chinese mothers: protocol of a randomised controlled trial. BMC Med Inf Decis Mak. 2020;20:300.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ho NT, Li F, Lee-Sarwar KA, Tun HM, Brown BP, Pannaraj PS, et al. Meta-analysis of effects of exclusive breastfeeding on infant gut microbiota across populations. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):4169.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sankar MJ, Sinha B, Chowdhury R, Bhandari N, Taneja S, Martines J, et al. Optimal breastfeeding practices and infant and child mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Paediatr. 2015;104(467):3–13.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yi M, Peng J, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Is the allocation of medical and health resources effective? Characteristic facts from regional heterogeneity in China. Int J Equity Health. 2020;19:89.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Statistic Bureau of Jilin. [Statistical report on the economic and social development of Jilin in 2021] (in Chinese) 2022 [Available from: http://tjj.jl.gov.cn/tjsj/tjgb/ndgb/202206/t20220602_8466591.html

World Health Organization. Comprehensive implementation plan on maternal, infant and young child nutrition. Geneva; 2014.

World Health Organization. EN Nutrition - Publications - Infant feeding - Infant and young child feeding: A tool for assessing national practices, policies and programmes. 2003;10.

Liang J, Mu Y, Li X, Tang W, Wang Y, Liu Z, et al. Relaxation of the one child policy and trends in caesarean section rates and birth outcomes in China between 2012 and 2016: observational study of nearly seven million health facility births. BMJ. 2018;360:k817.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China. [Name list of the Baby Friendly Hospitals in Jilin Province] (in Chinese) 2015 [Available from: https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=http://www.nhc.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2015/11/20151117160618624.doc&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK.

Shi H, Yang Y, Yin X, Li J, Fang J, Wang X. Determinants of exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months in China: a cross-sectional study. Int Breastfeed J. 2021;16:40.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yonemoto N, Nagai S, Mori R. Schedules for home visits in the early postpartum period. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;7(7):CD009326.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

McFadden A, Gavine A, Renfrew MJ, Wade A, Buchanan P, Taylor JL, et al. Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;2(2):CD001141.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Leon-Larios F, Rojas A, Mayanquer M, Espinosa M, Guamán A. Factors related to the duration of exclusive breastfeeding in working mothers of an Ecuadorian university institution. Revista Cubana de Pediatria. 2022;94.

Zhang Y, Yang J, Li W, Wang N, Ye Y, Yan S, et al. Effects of baby-friendly practices on breastfeeding duration in China: a case-control study. Int Breastfeed J. 2020;15:92.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tarrant M, Wu KM, Fong DY, Lee IL, Wong EM, Sham A, et al. Impact of baby-friendly hospital practices on breastfeeding in Hong Kong. Birth. 2011;38(3):238–45.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kavle JA, Ahoya B, Kiige L, Mwando R, Olwenyi F, Straubinger S, et al. Baby-Friendly Community Initiative-From national guidelines to implementation: a multisectoral platform for improving infant and young child feeding practices and integrated health services. Maternal and Child Nutrition. 2019;15(S1):e12747.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bærug A, Langsrud Ø, Løland BF, Tufte E, Tylleskär T, Fretheim A. Effectiveness of Baby-friendly community health services on exclusive breastfeeding and maternal satisfaction: a pragmatic trial. Maternal and Child Nutrition. 2016;12(3):428–39.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar