From the *Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA

†The Heart Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH

‡Division of Pediatric Cardiology, The Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO

§Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT

¶Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY

∥Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.

aAdvanced Cardiac Therapies Improving Outcomes Network (ACTION) Investigators: Humera Ahmed, MD; Othman A. Aljohani, MD, MPH; Scott R. Auerbach, MD; Neha Bansal, MD; David W Bearl, MD, MA; Molly Brickler, RN, MSN, CPNP-AC; Holger Buchholz, MD; Jonathan W. Byrnes, MD; Sydney Carrington, BSN, RN; Harsha K. Chandnani, MD MBA, MPH; Jennifer L. Conway, MD, FRCPC, MSc; Nhue L. Do, MD; John C. Dykes, MD; Osami Honjo, MD; Aamir Jeewa, MBBCh; Anna Joong, MD; Steven J. Kindel, MD; Jake A Kleinmahon, MD; Jodie Lantz, MSN, APRN, PCNS-BC; Angela Lorts, MD; Katsuhide Maeda, MD, PhD; Chad Y. Mao, MD; David C. Mauchley, MD; Lindsay May, MD; Amanda D. McCormick, MD; Deipanjan Nandi, MD, MSc; David M. Peng, MD; David N. Rosenthal, MD; Svetlana Shugh, MD; Kathleen E. Simpson, MD; Kae Watanbe, MD; Sarah J. Wilkens, MD, MPH; Lydia K. Wright, MD, MSc; Matthew D. Zinn, MD.

D.M. received grant funding from Cormatrix, PECA Laboratories, and Xeltis Inc.; is a consultant for Abbott Laboratories, SynCardia Systems, and Azyio Inc.; has received payment for expert testimony from WiseMorrisey and The Birth Justice Law Firms; has received travel support from Abbott Laboratories, and Syncardia Systems; and is on the advisory board for PediMACS, Berlin Heart Inc., Syncardia Systems, and Xeltis Inc. A.L. received grant support from Abbott Laboratories, Medtronic Inc, Berlin Heart Inc, and Syncardia Systems; receives consulting fees from Abbot Laboratories and Medtronic Inc; receives payment as an Abbott Surgical training speaker; and participates on the Medtronic Inc and Syncardia Systems advisory boards. D.R. and A.L. are co-leaders of ACTION, which has received financial support from Abbott Laboratories, Medtronic Inc, and Berlin Heart Inc. H.B. is a consultant for Abbott Laboratories. J.L. is a consultant for Abbott Laboratories. J.C. is the recipient of an educational grant from Abbott Laboratories and is a medical monitor for the pumpKIN clinical trial. A.J. is the site PI for a Novartis sponsored trial and is a medical monitor for the pumpKIN clinical trial. K.M. is a consultant for Berlin Heart Inc. M.O. has received travel support from Abbott Laboratories

The authors have no conflicts of interest.

Study design, analysis interpretation, and writing were performed by D.M.K., M.S., A.B., M.S.P., S.P.L., F.Z., D.L.S.M., and M.J.O. Data collection and review were performed by all listed authors.

Data analysis was performed by D.M.K., F.Z., and M.S. Critical review and final approval of the manuscript were performed by all listed authors.

Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text, and links to the digital files are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal’s Web site (www.asaiojournal.com).

Correspondence: David Kwiatkowski, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Suite 321, 750 Welch Rd, Palo Alto, CA 94304. E-mail: [email protected]; Twitter: @DinaSRaminix