* Department of Kinesiology & Public Health and Center for Health Research, California Polytechnic State University;

† Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences and Center for Obesity Research and Education, College of Public Health, Temple University;

‡ Alpert Medical School of Brown University; and

§ Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, The Miriam Hospital.

Address for reprints: Alison K. Ventura, PhD, Department of Kinesiology and Public Health Center for Health Research California Polytechnic State University, One Grand Ave, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407; e-mail: [email protected].

SOURCES OF SUPPORT: This research was supported by the National Institutes of Health National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R56DK108661 and R01DK108661) and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (U01HL114377). LIFE-Moms is supported by the National Institutes of Health through the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK; U01 DK094418, U01 DK094463, U01 DK094416, and 5U01 DK094466 [RCU]); the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI; U01 HL114344 and U01 HL114377); the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD; U01 HD072834); the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH); the NIH Office of Research on Women's Health (ORWH); the Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research (OBSSR); the Indian Health Service; and the Intramural Research Program of the NIDDK. The NIDDK and the NHLBI played no role in study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the article for publication.

Disclosure: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

See the Video Abstract at www.jdbp.org

AUTHOR DISCLOSURES: Drs. Hart and Jelalian previously provided consultation work to WW International. Dr. Wing is on the Scientific Advisory Board at NOOM. Neither Weight Watchers nor NOOM provided financial support for this study, nor did they have any influence on the methods in this study. Dr. Phelan has a grant from WW International that is unrelated to this work. Dr. Ventura has no financial relationships relevant to this article to disclose.

CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, www.clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01545934 and NCT02766218.