Ma L, Mazidi M, Li K, Li Y, Chen S, Kirwan R, et al. Prevalence of mental health problems among children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2021;293:78–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.021.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Panda PK, Gupta J, Chowdhury SR, Kumar R, Meena AK, Madaan P, et al. Psychological and behavioral impact of lockdown and quarantine measures for covid-19 pandemic on children, adolescents and caregivers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Trop Pediatr. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmaa122.

Article  Google Scholar 

Racine N, Cooke JE, Eirich R, Korczak DJ, McArthur BA, Madigan S. Child and adolescent mental illness during COVID-19: a rapid review. Psychiatry Res. 2020;292:113307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113307.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Spencer AE, Oblath R, Dayal R, Loubeau JK, Lejeune J, Sikov J, et al. Changes in psychosocial functioning among urban, school-age children during the covid-19 pandemic. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2021;15(1):73. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-021-00419-w.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ravens-Sieberer U, Erhart M, Devine J, Gilbert M, Reiss F, Barkmann C, et al. Child and adolescent mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: results of the three-wave longitudinal COPSY study. J Adolesc Health. 2022;71(5):570–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.06.022.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bambra C, Riordan R, Ford J, Matthews F. The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities. J Epidemiol Commun Health. 2020;74(11):964–8. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2020-214401.

Article  Google Scholar 

Armitage R, Nellums LB. Considering inequalities in the school closure response to covid-19. Lancet Glob Health. 2020;8(5):e644. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30116-9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hu Y, Qian Y. Covid-19 and adolescent mental health in the United Kingdom. J Adolesc Health. 2021;69(1):26–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.04.005.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tindle R, Hemi A, Moustafa A. 2021 Is Psychological Flxibility a Coping Mechanism. Preprint. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ebw4g

Tomova L, Andrews JL, Blakemore S-J. The importance of belonging and the avoidance of social risk taking in adolescence. Dev Rev. 2021;61:100981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2021.100981.

Article  Google Scholar 

Tindle R, Moustafa AA. Psychological distress, social support, and psychological flexibility during COVID-19. In: Moustafa AA, editor. Mental Health Effects of COVID-19. Cambridge: Academic Press; 2021. p. 89–101.

Chapter  Google Scholar 

Orben A, Tomova L, Blakemore S-J. The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4(8):634–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30186-3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gadassi Polack R, Sened H, Aubé S, Zhang A, Joormann J, Kober H. Connections during crisis: adolescents’ social dynamics and mental health during COVID-19. Dev Psychol. 2021;57(10):1633–47. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001211.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Prime H, Wade M, Browne DT. Risk and resilience in family well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. Am Psychol. 2020;75(5):631–43. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000660.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tang S, Xiang M, Cheung T, Xiang Y-T. Mental health and its correlates among children and adolescents during COVID-19 school closure: the importance of parent-child discussion. J Affect Disord. 2021;279:353–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.016.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Donker MH, Mastrotheodoros S, Branje S. Development of parent-adolescent relationships during the COVID-19 pandemic: the role of stress and coping. Dev Psychol. 2020;57(10):1611–22. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001212.

Article  Google Scholar 

Magson NR, Freeman JY, Rapee RM, Richardson CE, Oar EL, Fardouly J. Risk and protective factors for prospective changes in adolescent mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Youth Adolesc. 2020;50(1):44–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01332-9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen CY-C, Byrne E, Vélez T. Impact of the 2020 pandemic of COVID-19 on families with school-aged children in the United States: roles of income level and race. J Fam Issues. 2021;43(3):719–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X21994153.

Article  Google Scholar 

Reiss F. Socioeconomic inequalities and mental health problems in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Soc Sci Med. 2013;90:24–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.04.026.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chu PS, Saucier DA, Hafner E. Meta-analysis of the relationships between social support and well-being in children and adolescents. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2010;29(6):624–45. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2010.29.6.624.

Article  Google Scholar 

Morin AH. Teacher support and the social classroom environment as predictors of student loneliness. Soc Psychol Educ. 2020;23(6):1687–707. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-020-09600-z.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lessard LM, Puhl RM. Adolescent academic worries amid covid-19 and perspectives on pandemic-related changes in teacher and peer relations. Sch Psychol. 2021;36(5):285–92. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000443.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McArthur BA, Racine N, McDonald S, Tough S, Madigan S. Child and family factors associated with child mental health and well-being during COVID-19. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-021-01849-9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Boursier V, Gioia F, Musetti A, Schimmenti A. Covid-19-related fears, stress and depression in adolescents: the role of loneliness and relational closeness to online friends. J Hum Behav Soc Environ. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2022.2059605.

Article  Google Scholar 

Cauberghe V, Van Wesenbeeck I, De Jans S, Hudders L, Ponnet K. How adolescents use social media to cope with feelings of loneliness and anxiety during COVID-19 lockdown. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2021;24(4):250–7. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0478.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Van den Eijnden RJJM, Lemmens J, Valkenburg PM. The social media disorder scale: validity and psychometric properties. Comput Hum Behav. 2016;61:478–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.038.

Article  Google Scholar 

Andreassen CS. Online social network site addiction: a comprehensive review. Curr Addict Rep. 2015;2(2):175–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-015-0056-9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Boniel-Nissim M, van den Eijnden RJJM, Furstova J, Marino C, Lahti H, Inchley J, et al. International Perspectives on social media use among adolescents: Implications for mental and social well-being and substance use. Comput Hum Behav. 2022;129:107144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.107144.

Article  Google Scholar 

Keles B, McCrae N, Grealish A. A systematic review: the influence of social media on depression, anxiety and psychological distress in adolescents. Int J Adolesc Youth. 2019;25(1):79–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2019.1590851.

Article  Google Scholar 

Paakkari L, Tynjälä J, Lahti H, Ojala K, Lyyra N. Problematic social media use and health among adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(4):1885. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041885.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ellis WE, Dumas TM, Forbes LM. Physically isolated but socially connected: psychological adjustment and stress among adolescents during the initial COVID-19 crisis. Can J Behav Sci. 2020;52(3):177–87. https://doi.org/10.1037/cbs0000215.

Article  Google Scholar 

Walters T, Simkiss NJ, Snowden RJ, Gray NS. Secondary school students’ perception of the online teaching experience during COVID-19: the impact on mental wellbeing and specific learning difficulties. Br J Educ Psychol. 2021;92(3):843–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12475.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Almroth M, László KD, Kosidou K, Galanti MR. Academic expectations and mental health in adolescence: a longitudinal study involving parents’ and their children’s perspectives. J Adolesc Health. 2019;64(6):783–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.11.015.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Paakkari L, Paakkari O. Health Literacy as a learning outcome in schools. Health Educ. 2012;112(2):133–52. https://doi.org/10.1108/09654281211203411.

Article  Google Scholar 

McCaffery K, Dodd R, Cvejic E, Ayre J, Isautier J, Copp T, et al. Health literacy and disparities in covid-19–related knowledge attitudes beliefs and behaviours in Australia. Public Health Res Pract. 2020. https://doi.org/10.17061/phrp30342012.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Paakkari LT, Torppa MP, Paakkari OP, Välimaa RS, Ojala KSA, Tynjälä JA. Does health literacy explain the link between structural stratifiers and adolescent health? Eur J Public Health. 2019;29(5):919–24. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckz011.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lundberg O, Manderbacka K. Assessing reliability of a measure of self-rated health. Scand J Public Health. 1996;24(3):218–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/140349489602400314.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Minegishi M, Chretien A, Cox R, Weitzman ER. Associations among COVID-19 related exposures, impact or distress, and self-rated health among adolescents and young adults. J Adolesc Health. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.01.061.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hetlevik Ø, Meland E, Hufthammer KO, Breidablik HJ, Jahanlu D, Vie TL. Self-rated health in adolescence as a predictor of ‘multi-illness’ in early adulthood: a prospective registry-based Norwegian hunt study. SSM - Popul Health. 2020;11:100604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100604.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

DeSalvo KB, Bloser N, Reynolds K, He J, Muntner P. Mortality prediction with a single general self-rated health question. A meta-analysis J Gen Intern Med. 2006;21(3):267–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.00291.x.

Article  PubMed