Haslett JN, Sanoudou D, Kho AT, Bennett RR, Greenberg SA, Kohane IS, Beggs AH, Kunkel LM. Gene expression comparison of biopsies from Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and normal skeletal muscle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99:15000–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Campbell KP. Three muscular dystrophies: loss of cytoskeleton-extracellular matrix linkage. Cell. 1995;80:675–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ervasti JM, Ohlendieck K, Kahl SD, Gaver MG, Campbell KP. Deficiency of a glycoprotein component of the dystrophin complex in dystrophic muscle. Nature. 1990;345:315–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Manzur AY, Kuntzer T, Pike M, Swan A. Glucocorticoid corticosteroids for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;CD003725.

Moxley RT 3rd, Ashwal S, Pandya S, Connolly A, Florence J, Mathews K, Baumbach L, McDonald C, Sussman M, Wade C. Practice parameter: corticosteroid treatment of Duchenne dystrophy: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Neurology. 2005;64:13–20.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kobayashi K, Ichihara Y, Sato N, Umeda N, Fields L, Fukumitsu M, Tago Y, Ito T, Kainuma S, Podaru M, Lewis-McDougall F, Yamahara K, Uppal R, Suzuki K. On-site fabrication of Bi-layered adhesive mesenchymal stromal cell-dressings for the treatment of heart failure. Biomaterials. 2019;209:41–53.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bruder SP, Jaiswal N, Haynesworth SE. Growth kinetics, self-renewal, and the osteogenic potential of purified human mesenchymal stem cells during extensive subcultivation and following cryopreservation. J Cell Biochem. 1997;64:278–94.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Haynesworth SE, Goshima J, Goldberg VM, Caplan AI. Characterization of cells with osteogenic potential from human marrow. Bone. 1992;13:81–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zappia E, Casazza S, Pedemonte E, Benvenuto F, Bonanni I, Gerdoni E, Giunti D, Ceravolo A, Cazzanti F, Frassoni F, Mancardi G, Uccelli A. Mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis inducing T-cell anergy. Blood. 2005;106:1755–61.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ichim TE, Alexandrescu DT, Solano F, Lara F, Campion RN, Paris E, Woods EJ, Murphy MP, Dasanu CA, Patel AN, Marleau AM, Leal A, Riordan NH. Mesenchymal stem cells as anti-inflammatories: implications for treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Cell Immunol. 2010;260:75–82.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shimatsu Y, Yoshimura M, Yuasa K, Urasawa N, Tomohiro M, Nakura M, Tanigawa M, Nakamura A, Takeda S. Major clinical and histopathological characteristics of canine X-linked muscular dystrophy in Japan. CXMDJ Acta Myol. 2005;24:145–54.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nitahara-Kasahara Y, Hayashita-Kinoh H, Ohshima-Hosoyama S, Okada H, Wada-Maeda M, Nakamura A, Okada T, Takeda S. Long-term engraftment of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells that differentiate to form myogenic cells in dogs with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Mol Ther. 2012;20:168–77.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Friedenstein AJ, Petrakova KV, Kurolesova AI, Frolova GP. Heterotopic of bone marrow. Analysis of precursor cells for osteogenic and hematopoietic tissues. Transplantation. 1968;6:230–47.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zannettino AC, Paton S, Arthur A, Khor F, Itescu S, Gimble JM, Gronthos S. Multipotential human adipose-derived stromal stem cells exhibit a perivascular phenotype in vitro and in vivo. J Cell Physiol. 2008;214:413–21.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

He Q, Wan C, Li G. Concise review: multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells in blood. Stem Cells. 2007;25:69–77.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oh W, Kim DS, Yang YS, Lee JK. Immunological properties of umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stromal cells. Cell Immunol. 2008;251:116–23.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tsai MS, Lee JL, Chang YJ, Hwang SM. Isolation of human multipotent mesenchymal stem cells from second-trimester amniotic fluid using a novel two-stage culture protocol. Hum Reprod. 2004;19:1450–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nitahara-Kasahara Y, Kuraoka M, Guillermo PH, Hayashita-Kinoh H, Maruoka Y, Nakamura-Takahasi A, Kimura K, Takeda S, Okada T. Dental pulp stem cells can improve muscle dysfunction in animal models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2021;12:78.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rouger K, Larcher T, Dubreil L, Deschamps JY, Le Guiner C, Jouvion G, Delorme B, Lieubeau B, Carlus M, Fornasari B, Theret M, Orlando P, Ledevin M, Zuber C, Leroux I, Deleau S, Guigand L, Testault I, Le Rumeur E, Fiszman M, Cherel Y. Systemic delivery of allogenic muscle stem cells induces long-term muscle repair and clinical efficacy in duchenne muscular dystrophy dogs. Am J Pathol. 2011;179:2501–18.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Danieli P, Malpasso G, Ciuffreda MC, Cervio E, Calvillo L, Copes F, Pisano F, Mura M, Kleijn L, de Boer RA, Viarengo G, Rosti V, Spinillo A, Roccio M, Gnecchi M. Conditioned medium from human amniotic mesenchymal stromal cells limits infarct size and enhances angiogenesis. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2015;4:448–58.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang K, Cai Z, Li Y, Shu J, Pan L, Wan F, Li H, Huang X, He C, Liu Y, Cui X, Xu Y, Gao Y, Wu L, Cao S, Li L. Utilization of human amniotic mesenchymal cells as feeder layers to sustain propagation of human embryonic stem cells in the undifferentiated state. Cell Reprogram. 2011;13:281–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li JY, Ren KK, Zhang WJ, Xiao L, Wu HY, Liu QY, Ding T, Zhang XC, Nie WJ, Ke Y, Deng KY, Liu QW, Xin HB. Human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells and their paracrine factors promote wound healing by inhibiting heat stress-induced skin cell apoptosis and enhancing their proliferation through activating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2019;10:247.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen L, Merkhan MM, Forsyth NR, Wu P. Chorionic and amniotic membrane-derived stem cells have distinct, and gestational diabetes mellitus independent, proliferative, differentiation, and immunomodulatory capacities. Stem Cell Res. 2019;40: 101537.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tago Y, Kobayashi C, Ogura M, Wada J, Yamaguchi S, Yamaguchi T, Hayashi M, Nakaishi T, Kubo H, Ueda Y. Human amnion-derived mesenchymal stem cells attenuate xenogeneic graft-versus-host disease by preventing T cell activation and proliferation. Sci Rep. 2021;11:2406.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wu Q, Fang T, Lang H, Chen M, Shi P, Pang X, Qi G. Comparison of the proliferation, migration and angiogenic properties of human amniotic epithelial and mesenchymal stem cells and their effects on endothelial cells. Int J Mol Med. 2017;39:918–26.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Silini AR, Cargnoni A, Magatti M, Pianta S, Parolini O. The long path of human placenta, and its derivatives, in regenerative medicine. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2015;3:162.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Steigman SA, Ahmed A, Shanti RM, Tuan RS, Valim C, Fauza DO. Sternal repair with bone grafts engineered from amniotic mesenchymal stem cells. J Pediatr Surg. 2009;44:1120–6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Onishi R, Ohnishi S, Higashi R, Watari M, Yamahara K, Okubo N, Nakagawa K, Katsurada T, Suda G, Natsuizaka M, Takeda H, Sakamoto N. Human amnion-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced severe colitis in rats. Cell Transplant. 2015;24:2601–14.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Miyamoto S, Ohnishi S, Onishi R, Tsuchiya I, Hosono H, Katsurada T, Yamahara K, Takeda H, Sakamoto N. Therapeutic effects of human amnion-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation and conditioned medium enema in rats with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis. Am J Transl Res. 2017;9:940–52.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jafari A, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Farhadihosseinabadi B, Zali H, Niknejad H. Human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells to promote/suppress cancer: two sides of the same coin. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2021;12:126.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dominici M, Le Blanc K, Mueller I, Slaper-Cortenbach I, Marini F, Krause D, Deans R, Keating A, Prockop D, Horwitz E. Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement. Cytotherapy. 2006;8:315–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bieback K, Hecker A, Kocaomer A, Lannert H, Schallmoser K, Strunk D, Kluter H. Human alternatives to fetal bovine serum for the expansion of mesenchymal stromal cells from bone marrow. Stem Cells. 2009;27:2331–41.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tsuchiya Y, Ono Y. An in vitro mechanical damage model of isolated myofibers in a floating culture condition. Bio Protoc. 2022;12: e4280.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bulfield G, Siller WG, Wight PA, Moore KJ. X chromosome-linked muscular dystrophy (mdx) in the mouse. Proc N