Levels and Trends in Child Mortality: Report 2020, Estimates developed by the United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. New York: United Nations Children's Fund; 2020.

World Health Statistics. Monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019. p. 2019.

Google Scholar 

Jain S, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization among U.S. children. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(9):835–45.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bhuiyan MU, et al. The contribution of viruses and bacteria to community-acquired pneumonia in vaccinated children: a case–control study. Thorax. 2019;74(3):261–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Causes of severe pneumonia requiring hospital admission in children without HIV infection from Africa and Asia: the PERCH multi-country case-control study. Lancet. 2019;394(10200):757–79.

Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory tract infections in 195 countries: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17(11):1133–61.

Falsey AR, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus infection in elderly and high-risk adults. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(17):1749–59.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jain S, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization among U.S. adults. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(5):415–27.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hall CB. Respiratory syncytial virus: its transmission in the hospital environment. Yale J Biol Med. 1982;55(3–4):219–23.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Piedimonte G, Perez MK. Respiratory syncytial virus infection and bronchiolitis. Pediatr Rev. 2014;35(12):519–30.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Johnson KM, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus. IV. Correlation of virus shedding, serologic response, and illness in adult volunteers. JAMA. 1961;176:663–7.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shigeta S, et al. The cell to cell infection of respiratory syncytial virus in HEp-2 monolayer cultures. J Gen Virol. 1968;3(1):129–31.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aherne W, et al. Pathological changes in virus infections of the lower respiratory tract in children. J Clin Pathol. 1970;23(1):7–18.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Borchers AT, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus—a comprehensive review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2013;45(3):331–79.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Papenburg J, Boivin G. The distinguishing features of human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus. Rev Med Virol. 2010;20(4):245–60.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Collins PL, Graham BS. Viral and host factors in human respiratory syncytial virus pathogenesis. J Virol. 2008;82(5):2040–55.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hall CB, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus-associated hospitalizations among children less than 24 months of age. Pediatrics. 2013;132(2):e341–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boyce TG, et al. Rates of hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus infection among children in medicaid. J Pediatr. 2000;137(6):865–70.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Madhi SA, et al. Five-year cohort study of hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus associated lower respiratory tract infection in African children. J Clin Virol. 2006;36(3):215–21.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stensballe LG, et al. Atopic disposition, wheezing, and subsequent respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization in Danish children younger than 18 months: a nested case-control study. Pediatrics. 2006;118(5):e1360–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fishaut M, Tubergen D, McIntosh K. Cellular response to respiratory viruses with particular reference to children with disorders of cell-mediated immunity. J Pediatr. 1980;96(2):179–86.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Krinzman S, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus-associated infections in adult recipients of solid organ transplants. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1998;17(2):202–10.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Simoes EA. Environmental and demographic risk factors for respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract disease. J Pediatr. 2003;143(5 Suppl):S118–26.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chu HY, et al. Molecular epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus transmission in childcare. J Clin Virol. 2013;57(4):343–50.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Glezen WP, et al. Risk of primary infection and reinfection with respiratory syncytial virus. Am J Dis Child. 1986;140(6):543–6.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kutsaya A, et al. Prospective clinical and serological follow-up in early childhood reveals a high rate of subclinical RSV infection and a relatively high reinfection rate within the first 3 years of life. Epidemiol Infect. 2016;144(8):1622–33.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Henderson FW, et al. Respiratory-syncytial-virus infections, reinfections and immunity. A prospective, longitudinal study in young children. N Engl J Med. 1979;300(10):530–4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hall CB, et al. Immunity to and frequency of reinfection with respiratory syncytial virus. J Infect Dis. 1991;163(4):693–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cohen C, et al. In- and out-of-hospital mortality associated with seasonal and pandemic influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in South Africa, 2009–2013. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;66(1):95–103.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li Y, et al. Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in children younger than 5 years in 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2022;399(10340):2047–64.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Verwey C, et al. Pulmonary function sequelae after respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection in children: a systematic review. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2020;55:1567–83.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Coutts J, et al. Association between respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization in infancy and childhood asthma. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2020;55(5):1104–10.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Escobar GJ, et al. Persistent recurring wheezing in the fifth year of life after laboratory-confirmed, medically attended respiratory syncytial virus infection in infancy. BMC Pediatr. 2013;13:97.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Escobar GJ, et al. Recurrent wheezing in the third year of life among children born at 32 weeks’ gestation or later: relationship to laboratory-confirmed, medically attended infection with respiratory syncytial virus during the first year of life. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2010;164(10):915–22.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schauer U, et al. RSV bronchiolitis and risk of wheeze and allergic sensitisation in the first year of life. Eur Respir J. 2002;20(5):1277–83.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pullan CR, Hey EN. Wheezing, asthma, and pulmonary dysfunction 10 years after infection with respiratory syncytial virus in infancy. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1982;284(6330):1665–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stein RT, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus in early life and risk of wheeze and allergy by age 13 years. Lancet. 1999;354(9178):541–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sigurs N, et al. Asthma and allergy patterns over 18 years after severe RSV bronchiolitis in the first year of life. Thorax. 2010;65(12):1045–52.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sigurs N, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in infancy is an important risk factor for asthma and allergy at age 7. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161(5):1501–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sigurs N, et al. Asthma and immunoglobulin E antibodies after respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis: a prospective cohort study with matched controls. Pediatrics. 1995;95(4):500–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sigurs N, et al. Severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in infancy and asthma and allergy at age 13. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;171(2):137–41.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Korsten K, Adriaenssens N, Coenen S. Burden of respiratory syncytial virus infection in community-dwelling older adults in Europe (RESCEU): an international prospective cohort study. Eur Respir J. 2021;57(4): 2002688.

Article  PubMed