Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (2001) Toxicological profile for Benzidine. Update. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp62.pdf. Accessed 19 Jan 2023

Agnello M, Fontana M (2015) Survey on European studies of the chemical characterisation of tattoo ink products and the measurement of potentially harmful ingredients. Curr Probl Dermatol 48:142–151

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Avinash BM, Raman JD, Kaag MG (2021) Bladder Cancer: Overview, Epidemiology, Initial Presentation and Diagnosis. In: Trabulsi EJ, Lallas CD, Lizardi-Calvaresi AE (eds) Chemotherapy and immunotherapy in urologic oncology: a guide for the advanced practice provider. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 141–157

Chapter  Google Scholar 

Baldauf KJ, Salazar-Gonzalez RA, Doll MA, Pierce WM Jr, States JC, Hein DW (2020) Role of human N-acetyltransferase 2 genetic polymorphism on aromatic amine carcinogen-induced DNA damage and mutagenicity in a Chinese hamster ovary cell mutation assay. Environ Mol Mutagen 61(2):235–245. https://doi.org/10.1002/em.22331

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ben Khedher S, Neri M, Guida F et al (2018) Occupational exposure to textile dust and lung cancer risk: results from the ICARE study. Am J Ind Med 61(3):216–228. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.22799

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bonnier F, Keating ME, Wrobel TP et al (2015) Cell viability assessment using the alamar blue assay: a comparison of 2D and 3D cell culture models. Toxicol in Vitro 29(1):124–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2014.09.014

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bouchardy C et al. (1998) N-acetyltransferase NAT1 and NAT2 genotypes and lung cancer risk. Pharmacogenetics 8(4):291–298

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carreón T, LeMasters GK, Ruder AM, Schulte PA (2006) The genetic and environmental factors involved in benzidine metabolism and bladder carcinogenesis in exposed workers. Front Biosci 11:2889–2902

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Case RA, Hosker ME, Mc DD, Pearson JT (1954) Tumours of the urinary bladder in workmen engaged in the manufacture and use of certain dyestuff intermediates in the British chemical industry. I. The role of aniline, benzidine, alpha-naphthylamine, and beta-naphthylamine. Br J Ind Med 11(2):75–104. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.11.2.75

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ching Chen S, Hseu YC, Sung JC, Chen CH, Chen LC, Chung KT (2011) Induction of DNA damage signaling genes in benzidine-treated HepG2 cells. Environ Mol Mutagen 52(8):664–672. https://doi.org/10.1002/em.20669

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chung KT, Chen SC, Claxton LD (2006) Review of the Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity of benzidine, benzidine analogues, and benzidine-based dyes. Mutat Res 612(1):58–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrrev.2005.08.001

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ciocan C, Godono A, Franco N et al (2022) Mortality from bladder cancer in dyestuff workers exposed to aromatic amines: a 73-year follow-up. Med Lav 113(2):e2022017. https://doi.org/10.23749/mdl.v113i2.12893

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dapson RW (2009) Benzidine-based dyes: effects of industrial practices, regulations, and world trade on the biological stains market. Biotech Histochem 84(3):95–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/10520290902879730

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Degen GH, Schlattjan JH, Mahler S, Follmann W, Golka K (2004) Comparative metabolic activation of benzidine and N-acetylbenzidine by prostaglandin H synthase. Toxicol Lett 151(1):135–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2003.11.015

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ding D, Liu Z, Zhao L, Geng H, Liang Z, Yu D (2019) Role of PI3K/Akt pathway in Benzidine-induced proliferation in SV-40 immortalized human uroepithelial cell. Transl Cancer Res 8(4):1301–1310. https://doi.org/10.21037/tcr.2019.07.14

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Doll MA, Hein DW (2022) 560G>A (rs4986782) (R187Q) Single nucleotide polymorphism in arylamine N-Acetyltransferase 1 increases affinity for the aromatic amine carcinogens 4-Aminobiphenyl and N-Hydroxy-4-Aminobiphenyl: implications for cancer risk assessment. Front Pharmacol 13:820082. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.820082

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

El Kawak M, Dhaini HR, Jabbour ME, Moussa MA, El Asmar K, Aoun M (2020) Slow N-acetylation as a possible contributor to bladder carcinogenesis. Mol Carcinog 59(9):1017–1027. https://doi.org/10.1002/mc.23232

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Febriana SA, Jungbauer F, Soebono H, Coenraads PJ (2012) Occupational contact allergy caused by benzidine in three tannery workers. Contact Dermatitis 66(6):345–346. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.2012.02015.x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fretland AJ, Doll MA, Leff MA, Hein DW (2001) Functional characterization of nucleotide polymorphisms in the coding region of N-acetyltransferase 1. Pharmacogenetics 11(6):511–520. https://doi.org/10.1097/00008571-200108000-00006

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ghanghro L (2021) Chemical risk factors of primary liver cancer: a short comment [Letter]. Hepat Med 13:121–122. https://doi.org/10.2147/HMER.S350076

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guo WC, Lin GF, Chen JG, Golka K, Shen JH (2004) Polymorphism in the N-acetyltransferase 1 alleles NAT1*10 and NAT1*14A and cytological gradings of exfoliated urothelial cells in benzidine-exposed Chinese workers: discussion of ethnic differences. Arch Toxicol 78(8):425–429

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Habil MR, Doll MA, Hein DW (2022a) Acetyl coenzyme A kinetic studies on N-acetylation of environmental carcinogens by human N-acetyltransferase 1 and its NAT1*14B variant. Front Pharmacol 13:931323. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.931323

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Habil MR, Salazar-Gonzalez RA, Doll MA, Hein DW (2022b) Differences in beta-naphthylamine metabolism and toxicity in Chinese hamster ovary cell lines transfected with human CYP1A2 and NAT2*4, NAT2*5B or NAT2*7B N-acetyltransferase 2 haplotypes. Arch Toxicol 96(11):2999–3012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-022-03367-2

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huang Y, Huang S, Wu Y et al (2019) Lipoxygenase protein expression and its effect on oxidative stress caused by benzidine in normal human urothelial cell lines. Int J Toxicol 38(2):121–128. https://doi.org/10.1177/1091581819827495

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hughes NC, Janezic SA, McQueen KL et al (1998) Identification and characterization of variant alleles of human acetyltransferase NAT1 with defective function using p-aminosalicylate as an in-vivo and in-vitro probe. Pharmacogenetics 8(1):55–66. https://doi.org/10.1097/00008571-199802000-00008

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Johnson GE, Quick EL, Parry EM, Parry JM (2010) Metabolic influences for mutation induction curves after exposure to Sudan-1 and para red. Mutagenesis 25(4):327–333. https://doi.org/10.1093/mutage/geq009

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lakshmi VM, Zenser TV, Goldman HD et al (1995) The role of acetylation in benzidine metabolism and DNA adduct formation in dog and rat liver. Chem Res Toxicol 8(5):711–720. https://doi.org/10.1021/tx00047a011

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee SC, Jee SC, Kim M et al (2021) Curcumin suppresses the lipid accumulation and oxidative stress induced by benzo[a]pyrene toxicity in HepG2 cells. Antioxidants (basel). https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10081314

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Leggett CS, Doll MA, States JC, Hein DW (2021) Acetylation of putative arylamine and alkylaniline carcinogens in immortalized human fibroblasts transfected with rapid and slow acetylator N-acetyltransferase 2 haplotypes. Arch Toxicol 95(1):311–319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-020-02901-4

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Letasiova S, Medve’ova A, Sovcikova A et al (2012) Bladder cancer, a review of the environmental risk factors. Environ Health 11(Suppl 1):S11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-11-S1-S11

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lim H-H, Shin H-S (2015) Identification and quantification of phthalates, PAHs, amines, phenols, and metals in tattoo. Bull Korean Chem Soc 36(8):2039–2050. https://doi.org/10.1002/bkcs.10395

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lowry LK, Tolos WP, Boeniger MF et al (1980) Chemical monitoring of urine from workers potentially exposed to benzidine-derived azo dyes. Toxicol Lett 7:29–36

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Makena P, Chung KT (2007) Evidence that 4-aminobiphenyl, benzidine, and benzidine congeners produce genotoxicity through reactive oxygen species. Environ Mol Mutagen 48(5):404–413. https://doi.org/10.1002/em.20288

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McDonagh EM, Boukouvala S, Aklillu E, Hein DW, Altman RB, Klein TE (2014) PharmGKB summary: very important pharmacogene information for N-acetyltransferase 2. Pharmacogenet Genom 24(8):409–425. https://doi.org/10.1097/fpc.0000000000000062

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Millerick-May ML, Wang L, Rice C, Rosenman KD (2021) Ongoing risk of bladder cancer among former workers at the last benzidine manufacturing facility in the USA. Occup Environ Med 78(9):625. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2020-106431

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Millner LM, Doll MA, Cai J, States JC, Hein DW (2012) Phenotype of the most common “slow acetylator” arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 genetic variant (NAT1*14B) is substrate-dependent. Drug Metab Dispos 40(1):198–204. https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.111.041855

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central