Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (Ms Ordouni and Dr Aghebati); Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (Dr Aghebati); Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (Dr Ghavami); and Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (Dr Movahed).

Correspondence: Nahid Aghebati, PhD, Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ([email protected]).

The present study is developed from a master's thesis in Medical-surgical nursing at Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. The protocol of the present study is in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (DoH) and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences and the National Committee for Ethics in Biomedical Research (IR.MUMS.NURSE.REC.1398.060) and is registered in the Iranian Clinical Trial Center (IRCT20191030045285N1). The researchers express their sincerest gratitude to the Vice-Chancellor for Research of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences for providing financial support for the study and all the patients and their families participating in it.

The authors have disclosed that they have no significant relationships with, or financial interest in, any commercial companies pertaining to this article.