World Health Organization. World malaria report 2022. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022. p. 2022.

Google Scholar 

Grillet ME, Hernández-Villena JV, Llewellyn MS, Paniz-Mondolfi AE, Tami A, Vincenti-Gonzalez MF, et al. Venezuela’s humanitarian crisis, resurgence of vector-borne diseases, and implications for spillover in the region. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19(5):e149–61.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization. World Malaria Report 2020: 20 Years of Global Progress and Challenges. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. p. 247.

Book  Google Scholar 

Grillet ME, Moreno JE, Hernández-Villena JV, Vincenti-González MF, Noya O, Tami A, et al. Malaria in Southern Venezuela: the hottest hotspot in Latin America. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021;15(1): e0008211.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Reyburn H, Mbatia R, Drakeley C, Carneiro I, Mwakasungula E, Mwerinde O, et al. Overdiagnosis of malaria in patients with severe febrile illness in Tanzania: a prospective study. BMJ. 2004;329(7476):1212.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mayer SV, Tesh RB, Vasilakis N. The emergence of arthropod-borne viral diseases: a global prospective on dengue, chikungunya and zika fevers. Acta Trop. 2017;166:155–63.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Furuya-Kanamori L, Liang S, Milinovich G, Soares Magalhaes RJ, Clements AC, Hu W, et al. Co-distribution and co-infection of chikungunya and dengue viruses. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16:84.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lindo J, Brown PD, Vickers I, Brown M, Jackson ST, Lewis-Fuller E. Leptospirosis and malaria as causes of febrile illness during a dengue epidemic in Jamaica. Pathog Glob Health. 2013;107(6):329–34.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Klein Klouwenberg P, Sasi P, Bashraheil M, Awuondo K, Bonten M, Berkley J, et al. Temporal association of acute hepatitis A and Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(7): e21013.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Andrade BB, Santos CJ, Camargo LM, Souza-Neto SM, Reis-Filho A, Clarêncio J, et al. Hepatitis B infection is associated with asymptomatic malaria in the Brazilian Amazon. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(5): e19841.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Islam MN, Zulkifle M, Sherwani AM, Ghosh SK, Tiwari S. Prevalence of malaria, dengue, and chikungunya significantly associated with mosquito breeding sites. J IMA. 2011;43(2):58–67.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Crump JA, Gove S, Parry CM. Management of adolescents and adults with febrile illness in resource limited areas. BMJ. 2011;343: d4847.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

INE. Proyección de la población al 30 de junio, según grupos de edad y municipio, 2014–2021: Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas; 2011.

World Health Organization. Global Health Statistics 2014: Ice Press; 2015.

Cermeño-Vivas JR, Sandoval-De Mora M, Bognanno JF, Caraballo A. Clinical and epidemiological features of leptospirosis in Bolívar state, Venezuela. Comparison of diagnostic methods: LEPTO-Dipstick and plaque macroscopic agglutination test. Invest Clin. 2005;46:317–28 (In Spanish).

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rísquez A, Echezuría L, Carrión-Nessi FS, Forero-Peña DA. A time-series analysis of morbidity and mortality of viral hepatitis in Venezuela, 1990–2016. 2022.

MPPS/PAHO. Pautas de tratamiento en Casos de Malaria: República Bolivariana de Venezuela, Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Salud 2017 Washington, D.C.: Pan American Health Organization; 2017 [Available from: https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/34490/9789806678057_spa.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.

Severe malaria. Trop Med Int Health. 2014;19 Suppl 1:7–131.

Barua A, Gill N. A comparative study of concurrent dengue and malaria infection with their monoinfection in a teaching hospital in Mumbai. J Assoc Physicians India. 2016;64(8):49–52.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gebremariam TT, Mekonnen Z, Danquah JB. Concurrent malaria and dengue fever in (sub-Saharan) Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2022:2022.05.24.22275526.

Kinimi E, Patrick BN, Misinzo G. Serological evidence of chikungunya and malaria co-infection among febrile patients seeking health care in Karagwe district, Tanzania. Tanzania J Health Res. 2018;20(4). https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v20i4.1.

Waggoner J, Brichard J, Mutuku F, Ndenga B, Heath CJ, Mohamed-Hadley A, et al. Malaria and chikungunya detected using molecular diagnostics among febrile Kenyan Children. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2017;4(3):ofx110.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

LobalobaIngoba L, Adedoja A, Peko SM, Vairo F, Haider N, Kock R, et al. Diagnosis of chikungunya virus in febrile patients from a malaria holoendemic area. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;109:247–52.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Oyeyemi O, Amugo A. Plasmodium falciparum and hepatitis B virus infection in Nigerian urban population. Braz J Infect Dis. 2015;19(6):666–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wongsrichanalai C, Murray CK, Gray M, Miller RS, McDaniel P, Liao WJ, et al. Co-infection with malaria and leptospirosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003;68(5):583–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Loganathan N, Ramalingam S, Ravishankar D, Shivakumar S. Co-infection of malaria and leptospirosis—a hospital based study from South India. Natl J Res Community Med. 2012;1(2):117–9.

Google Scholar 

Onyenekwe CC, Ukibe N, Meludu SC, Ilika A, Aboh N, Ofiaeli N, et al. Prevalence of malaria as co-infection in HIV-infected individuals in a malaria endemic area of southeastern Nigeria. J Vector Borne Dis. 2007;44(4):250–4.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Egwunyenga AO, Ajayi JA, Nmorsi OP, Duhlinska-Popova DD. Plasmodium/intestinal helminth co-infections among pregnant Nigerian women. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2001;96(8):1055–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mueller TC, Siv S, Khim N, Kim S, Fleischmann E, Ariey F, et al. Acute undifferentiated febrile illness in rural Cambodia: a 3-year prospective observational study. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(4): e95868.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dalrymple U, Cameron E, Arambepola R, Battle KE, Chestnutt EG, Keddie SH, et al. The contribution of non-malarial febrile illness co-infections to Plasmodium falciparum case counts in health facilities in sub-Saharan Africa. Malar J. 2019;18(1):195.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rugarabamu S, Rumisha SF, Mwanyika GO, Sindato C, Lim HY, Misinzo G, et al. Viral haemorrhagic fevers and malaria co-infections among febrile patients seeking health care in Tanzania. Infect Dis Poverty. 2022;11(1):33.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Magalhães BM, Siqueira AM, Alexandre MA, Souza MS, Gimaque JB, Bastos MS, et al. P. vivax malaria and dengue fever co-infection: a cross-sectional study in the Brazilian Amazon. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8(10):e3239.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Halsey ES, Baldeviano GC, Edgel KA, Vilcarromero S, Sihuincha M, Lescano AG. Symptoms and immune markers in Plasmodium/dengue virus co-infection compared with mono-infection with either in Peru. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10(4): e0004646.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Braga WS, Souza RA, Silva EB, Fonseca JC, Tosta CE. Coinfection between hepatitis B virus and malaria: clinical, serologic and immunologic aspects. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2006;39(1):27–31 (In Portuguese).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Epelboin L, Hanf M, Dussart P, Ouar-Epelboin S, Djossou F, Nacher M, et al. Is dengue and malaria co-infection more severe than single infections? A retrospective matched-pair study in French Guiana. Malar J. 2012;11:142.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mandage R, Kaur C, Pramanik A, Kumar V, Kodan P, Singh A, et al. Association of dengue virus and leptospira co-infections with malaria severity. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(8):1645–53.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abbasi A, Butt N, Sheikh QH, Bhutto AR, Munir SM, Ahmed SM. Clinical features, diagnostic techniques and management of dual dengue and malaria infection. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2009;19(1):25–9.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

IANAS. Calidad de Agua en las Americas. Riesgos y Oportunidades. Ciudad de México, DF: Inter-American Network of Academies of Sciences; 2019. p. 659.

Paniz-Mondolfi AE, Tami A, Grillet ME, Márquez M, Hernández-Villena J, Escalona-Rodríguez MA, et al. Resurgence of vaccine-preventable diseases in Venezuela as a regional public health threat in the Americas. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019;25(4):625–32.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kolawole OM, Kana SN. Hepatitis B virus and malaria co-infection causing significant changes in hematological and liver function indices in a cohort of subjects in Ilorin, Nigeria. Int J Infect. 2018;5(3): e81528.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sharif A, Dabo N, Getso M, Yusuf I, Muhd I, Ahmad I. Liver function biomakers in malaria and hepatitis b co-infection among patients with febrile illness in kano metropolis. Int J Biol Med Res. 2016;7(1):5377–80.

Google Scholar 

Nasir IA, Yakubu S, Mustapha JO. Epidemiology and synergistic hepatopathology of malaria and hepatitis C virus coinfection. Virology (Auckl). 2017;8:1178122x17724411.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Blanco RY, Loureiro CL, Villalba JA, Sulbarán YF, Maes M, de Waard JH, et al. Decreasing prevalence of hepatitis B and absence of hepatitis C virus infection in the Warao indigenous population of Venezuela. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(5): e0197662.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mørch K, Manoharan A, Chandy S, Chacko N, Alvarez-Uria G, Patil S, et al. Acute undifferentiated fever in India: a multicentre study of aetiology and diagnostic accuracy. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):665.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sow A, Loucoubar C, Diallo D, Faye O, Ndiaye Y, Senghor CS, et al. Concurrent malaria and arbovirus infections in Kedougou, southeastern Senegal. Malar J. 2016;15:47.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar