Louis DN, Perry A, Reifenberger G, von Deimling A, Figarella-Branger D, Cavenee WK, et al. The 2016 World Health Organization classification of tumors of the central nervous system: a summary. Acta Neuropathol. 2016;131(6):803–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-016-1545-1.
Chaganti RS, Houldsworth J. Genetics and biology of adult human male germ cell tumors. Cancer Res. 2000;60(6):1475–82.
Jennings MT, Gelman R, Hochberg F. Intracranial germ-cell tumors: natural history and pathogenesis. J Neurosurg. 1985;63(2):155–67. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1985.63.2.0155.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
•• Takami H, Fukuoka K, Fukushima S, Nakamura T, Mukasa A, Saito N, et al. Integrated clinical, histopathological, and molecular data analysis of 190 central nervous system germ cell tumors from the iGCT Consortium. Neuro Oncol. 2019;21(12): 1565–77. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noz139. The combined clinical, histological, and molecular analysis demonstrated a poorer prognosis for germinomas in atypical sites in comparison with those in typical localizations (neurohypophysis or pineal gland). The study revealed an interesting prognostic significance for some pathway mutations, chromosomal losses and aberrations.
Bamberg M, Kortmann RD, Calaminus G, et al. Radiation therapy for intracranial germinoma: results of the German cooperative prospective trials MAKEI 83/86/89. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17(8):2585–92. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.1999.17.8.2585.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Rogers SJ, Mosleh-Shirazi MA, Saran FH. Radiotherapy of localized intracranial germinoma: time to sever historical ties? Lancet Oncol. 2005;6(7):509–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(05)70245-x.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Murray MJ, Bartels U, Nishikawa R, Fangusaro J, Matsutani M, Nicholson JC. Consensus on the management of intracranial germ-cell tumours. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(9):e470–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(15)00244-2.
Calaminus G, Bamberg M, Jürgens H, et al. Impact of surgery, chemotherapy and irradiation on long term outcome of intracranial malignant non-germinomatous germ cell tumors: results of the German Cooperative Trial MAKEI 89. Klin Padiatr. 2004;216(3):141–9. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-822626.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Shimizu H, Motomura K, Ohka F, Aoki K, Tanahashi K, Hirano M, et al. Long-term survival in patients with primary intracranial germ cell tumors treated with surgery, platinum-based chemotherapy, and radiotherapy: a single-institution study. J Neurosurg. 2021;135(1):449–57. https://doi.org/10.3171/2020.6.jns20638.
• Frappaz D, Dhall G, Murray MJ, Goldman S, Faure Conter C, Allen J, et al. EANO, SNO and Euracan consensus review on the current management and future development of intracranial germ cell tumors in adolescents and young adults. Neuro Oncol. 2022; 24(4): 516–27. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noab252. This report presents the consensus of Western cooperative groups on most aspects of diagnosis and management of intracranial germ cell tumors.
Nakamura H, Takami H, Yanagisawa T, Kumabe T, Fujimaki T, Arakawa Y, et al. The Japan Society for Neuro-Oncology guideline on the diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system germ cell tumors. Neuro Oncol. 2022;24(4):503–15. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noab242.
Crawford JR, Santi MR, Vezina G, Myseros JS, Keating RF, LaFond DA, et al. CNS germ cell tumor (CNSGCT) of childhood: presentation and delayed diagnosis. Neurology. 2007;68(20):1668–73. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000261908.36803.ac.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Day EL, Smith ER, Fehnel KP. Single-institution case series of pituitary biopsy for suspected germinoma in the pediatric population: diagnostic utility, operative risks, and biopsy approaches. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):15257. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71988-7.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Acharya S, DeWees T, Shinohara ET, Perkins SM. Long-term outcomes and late effects for childhood and young adulthood intracranial germinomas. Neuro Oncol. 2015;17(5):741–6. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/nou311.
Lee JH, Eom KY, Phi JH, Park CK, Kim SK, Cho BK, et al. Long-term outcomes and sequelae analysis of intracranial germinoma: need to reduce the extended-field radiotherapy volume and dose to minimize late sequelae. Cancer Res Treat. 2021;53(4):983–90. https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2020.1052.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
McCarthy BJ, Shibui S, Kayama T, Miyaoka E, Narita Y, Murakami M, et al. Primary CNS germ cell tumors in Japan and the United States: an analysis of 4 tumor registries. Neuro Oncol. 2012;14(9):1194–200. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/nos155.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Gittleman H, Cioffi G, Vecchione-Koval T, Ostrom QT, Kruchko C, Osorio DS, et al. Descriptive epidemiology of germ cell tumors of the central nervous system diagnosed in the United States from 2006 to 2015. J Neurooncol. 2019;143(2):251–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-019-03173-4.
Kang H, Song SW, Ha J, et al. Nationwide, population-based epidemiology study of primary central nervous system tumors in Korea, 2007–2016: a comparison with United States data. Cancer Res Treat. 2021;53(2):355–66. https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2020.847.
Villano JL, Propp JM, Porter KR, Stewart AK, Valyi-Nagy T, Li X, et al. Malignant pineal germ-cell tumors: an analysis of cases from three tumor registries. Neuro Oncol. 2008;10(2):121–30. https://doi.org/10.1215/15228517-2007-054.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Poynter JN, Fonstad R, Tolar J, Spector LG, Ross JA. Incidence of intracranial germ cell tumors by race in the United States, 1992–2010. J Neurooncol. 2014;120(2):381–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-014-1562-7.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Ostrom QT, Cioffi G, Waite K, Kruchko C, Barnholtz-Sloan JS. CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2014–2018. Neuro Oncol. 2021; 23(12 Suppl 2): iii1–iii105. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noab200. This statistical report represent the most up-to-date population-based data on primary brain tumors diagnosed in the United States from 2014–2018.
Lee SH, Jung KW, Ha J, Oh CM, Kim H, Park HJ, et al. Nationwide population-based incidence and survival rates of malignant central nervous system germ cell tumors in Korea, 2005–2012. Cancer Res Treat. 2017;49(2):494–501. https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2016.129.
Nakamura H, Makino K, Yano S, Kuratsu J. Kumamoto brain tumor research group. epidemiological study of primary intracranial tumors: a regional survey in Kumamoto prefecture in southern Japan – 20-year study. Int J Clin Oncol. 2011;16(4): 314–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10147-010-0178-y.
Matsumoto F, Takeshima H, Yamashita S, et al. Epidemiologic study of primary brain tumors in miyazaki prefecture: a regional 10-year survey in Southern Japan. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2021;61(8):492–8. https://doi.org/10.2176/nmc.oa.2020-0438.
Bentley AJ, Parkinson MC, Harding BN, Bains RM, Lantos PL. A comparative morphological and immunohistochemical study of testicular seminomas and intracranial germinomas. Histopathology. 1990;17(5):443–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2559.1990.tb00766.x.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Bjornsson J, Scheithauer BW, Okazaki H, Leech RW. Intracranial germ cell tumors: pathobiological and immunohistochemical aspects of 70 cases. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1985;44(1):32–46.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ho DM, Liu HC. Primary intracranial germ cell tumor. Pathologic study of 51 patients. Cancer. 1992; 70(6): 1577–84. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19920915)70:6%3C1577::aid-cncr2820700622%3E3.0.co;2-x.
Utsuki S, Oka H, Tanizaki Y, Kondo K, Kawano N, Fujii K. Pathological features of intracranial germinomas with reference to fibrous tissue and granulomatous change. Brain Tumor Pathol. 2005;22(1):9–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10014-004-0171-0.
Utsuki S, Oka H, Tanizaki Y, Kondo K, Kawano N, Fujii K. Histological features of intracranial germinomas not disappearing immediately after radiotherapy. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2006;46(9):429–33. https://doi.org/10.2176/nmc.46.429.
Yamagami T, Handa H, Yamashita J, et al. An immunohistochemical study of intracranial germ cell tumours. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1987;86(1–2):33–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01419502.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Mishima K, Kato Y, Kaneko MK, Nakazawa Y, Kunita A, Fujita N, et al. Podoplanin expression in primary central nervous system germ cell tumors: a useful histological marker for the diagnosis of germinoma. Acta Neuropathol. 2006;111(6):563–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-006-0033-4.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Hattab EM, Tu PH, Wilson JD, Cheng L. OCT4 immunohistochemistry is superior to placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) in the diagnosis of central nervous system germinoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2005;29(3):368–71. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.pas.0000149709.19958.a7.
Nakamura H, Takeshima H, Makino K, Kuratsu J. C-kit expression in germinoma: an immunohistochemistry-based study. J Neurooncol. 2005;75(2):163–217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-005-1593-1.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Mei K, Liu A, Allan RW, Wang P, Lane Z, Abel TW, et al. Diagnostic utility of SALL4 in primary germ cell tumors of the central nervous system: a study of 77 cases. Mod Pathol. 2009;22(12):1628–36. https://doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.2009.148.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Pantazis G, Harter PN, Capper D, Kohlhof P, Mittelbronn M, Schittenhelm J. The embryonic stem cell factor UTF1 serves as a reliable diagnostic marker for germinomas. Pathology. 2014;46(3):225–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/pat.0000000000000071.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Shinoda J, Miwa Y, Sakai N, Yamada H, Shima H, Kato K, et al. Immunohistochemical study of placental alkaline phosphatase in primary intracranial germ-cell tumors. J Neurosurg. 1985;63(5):733–9. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1985.63.5.0733.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Friedman NB, Moore RA. Tumors of the testis; a report on 922 cases. Mil Surg. 1946;99(5):573–93.
Teilum G. Endodermal sinus tumors of the ovary and testis. Comparative morphogenesis of the so-called mesoephroma ovarii (Schiller) and extraembryonic (yolk sac-allantoic) structures of the rat's placenta. Cancer. 1959; 12: 1092–105. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(195911/12)12:6%3C1092::aid-cncr2820120606%3E3.0.co;2-v.
Teilum G. Classification of endodermal sinus tumour (mesoblatoma vitellinum) and so-called “embryonal carcinoma” of the ovary. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand. 1965;64(4):407–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/apm.1965.64.4.407.
留言 (0)