The sustainable antihypertensive and target organ damage protective effect of transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation in spontaneously hypertensive rats

aKey Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University

bDepartment of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, China

cUMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, France

dInstitute of Medical Artificial Intelligence

eDepartment of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University

fSichuan Digital Economy Industry Development Research Institute, China

Correspondence to Siyuan Zhang, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 28, West Xianning Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China. E-mail: [email protected]

Abbreviations: Aldo, aldosterone; ANGII, angiotensin II; AT1R, angiotensin II type 1 receptor; BP, blood pressure; Cor, hydrocortisone; CVDs, cardiovascular diseases; CVLM, caudal ventrolateral medulla; DBS, deep brain stimulation; DPAI,, 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; ET-1, endothelin-1; FWHM, full-width-at-half-maximum; HE, hematoxylin–eosin; HPA, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal; IFA, immunofluorescence assay; ISI, inter stimulation interval; ISPPA, spatial-peak pulse-average intensities; ISPTA, spatial-peak temporal-average intensities; LIFU, low-intensity focused ultrasound; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVEDWT, left ventricular end-diastolic wall thickness; LVESWT, left ventricular end-systolic wall thickness; LVH, Left ventricular hypertrophy; LVPWTd, left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end-diastole; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; PFA, paraformaldehyde; PII, pulse intensity integral; PNS, parasympathetic nervous systems; PRF, pulse repetition frequency; RAS, renin–angiotensin system; RVLM, rostral ventrolateral medulla; SBP, Systolic blood pressure; SD, sonication duration; SHRs, spontaneously hypertensive rats; SNS, sympathetic nervous system; TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling; US, ultrasound; VLPAG, ventrolateral periaqueductal gray; WKY, Wistar–Kyoto

Received 11 September, 2022

Revised 16 January, 2023

Accepted 9 February, 2023

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