Yonemoto N. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396:1204–22.

Mims JW. Asthma: definitions and pathophysiology. Int forum allergy Rhinol. 2015;5(Suppl 1):S2–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

CDC. Most recent national asthma data. National current asthma prevalence (2019). 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/asthma/most_recent_national_asthma_data.htm.

Pate CA, Zahran HS, Qin X, Johnson C, Hummelman E, Malilay J. Asthma surveillance - United States, 2006-2018. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2021;70:1–32.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mallol J, Aguirre V, Mallol-Simmonds M, Matamala-Bezmalinovic A, Calderón-Rodriguez L, Osses-Vergara F. Changes in the prevalence of asthma and related risk factors in adolescents: three surveys between 1994 and 2015. Allergol Immunopathol. 2019;47:313–21.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Guarnieri M, Balmes JR. Outdoor air pollution and asthma. Lancet. 2014;383:1581–92.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Murrison LB, Brandt EB, Myers JB, Hershey GKK. Environmental exposures and mechanisms in allergy and asthma development. J Clin Invest. 2019;129:1504–15.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Percy Z, Vuong AM, Xu Y, Xie C, Ospina M, Calafat AM, et al. Maternal urinary organophosphate esters and alterations in maternal and neonatal thyroid hormones. Am J Epidemiol. 2021;190:1793–802.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Luo K, Liu J, Wang Y, Aimuzi R, Luo F, Ao J, et al. Associations between organophosphate esters and sex hormones among 6-19-year old children and adolescents in NHANES 2013-4. Environ Int. 2020;136:105461.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Luo K, Aimuzi R, Wang Y, Min N, Zhang J. Urinary organophosphate esters metabolites, glucose homeostasis and prediabetes in adolescents. Environ Pollut. 2020;267:115607.

Luo K, Zhang R, Aimuzi R, Wang Y, Nian M, Zhang J. Exposure to organophosphate esters and metabolic syndrome in adults. Environ Int. 2020;143:105941.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bekele TG, Zhao H, Yang J, Chegen RG, Chen J, Mekonen S, et al. A review of environmental occurrence, analysis, bioaccumulation, and toxicity of organophosphate esters. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021;28:49507–28.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van der Veen I, de Boer J. Phosphorus flame retardants: properties, production, environmental occurrence, toxicity and analysis. Chemosphere. 2012;88:1119–53.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Meeker JD, Cooper EM, Stapleton HM, Hauser R. Urinary metabolites of organophosphate flame retardants: temporal variability and correlations with house dust concentrations. Environ health Perspect. 2013;121:580–5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sundkvist AM, Olofsson U, Haglund P. Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in marine and fresh water biota and in human milk. J Environ Monit. 2010;12:943–51.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Arvaniti OS, Kalantzi OI. Determinants of flame retardants in non-occupationally exposed individuals - a review. Chemosphere. 2021;263:127923.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wei GL, Li DQ, Zhuo MN, Liao YS, Xie ZY, Guo TL, et al. Organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers: sources, occurrence, toxicity and human exposure. Environ Pollut. 2015;196:29–46.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Poma G, Sales C, Bruyland B, Christia C, Goscinny S, Van Loco J, et al. Occurrence of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers (PFRs) in Belgian foodstuffs and estimation of the dietary exposure of the adult population. Environ Sci Technol. 2018;52:2331–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ospina M, Jayatilaka NK, Wong LY, Restrepo P, Calafat AM. Exposure to organophosphate flame retardant chemicals in the U.S. general population: data from the 2013-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Environ Int. 2018;110:32–41.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Van den Eede N, Heffernan AL, Aylward LL, Hobson P, Neels H, Mueller JF, et al. Age as a determinant of phosphate flame retardant exposure of the Australian population and identification of novel urinary PFR metabolites. Environ Int. 2015;74:1–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yanagisawa R, Koike E, Win-Shwe TT, Kawaguchi M, Takano H. The impact of oral exposure to low-dose tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate in allergic asthmatic mice. J Appl Toxicol. 2020;40:1498–510.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yanagisawa R, Koike E, Win-Shwe TT, Kawaguchi M, Takano H. Impact of dietary exposure to low-dose tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate in allergic asthmatic mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2021;43:599–610.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Araki A, Bastiaensen M, Ait Bamai Y, Van den Eede N, Kawai T, Tsuboi T, et al. Associations between allergic symptoms and phosphate flame retardants in dust and their urinary metabolites among school children. Environ Int. 2018;119:438–46.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Araki A, Saito I, Kanazawa A, Morimoto K, Nakayama K, Shibata E, et al. Phosphorus flame retardants in indoor dust and their relation to asthma and allergies of inhabitants. Indoor Air. 2014;24:3–15.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bi C, Maestre JP, Li H, Zhang G, Givehchi R, Mahdavi A, et al. Phthalates and organophosphates in settled dust and HVAC filter dust of U.S. low-income homes: association with season, building characteristics, and childhood asthma. Environ Int. 2018;121:916–30.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Canbaz D, van Velzen MJ, Hallner E, Zwinderman AH, Wickman M, Leonards PE, et al. Exposure to organophosphate and polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants via indoor dust and childhood asthma. Indoor Air. 2016;26:403–13.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bulkhi AA, Shepard KV 2nd, Casale TB, Cardet JC. Elevated testosterone is associated with decreased likelihood of current asthma regardless of sex. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8:3029.e4–35.e4.

Article  Google Scholar 

Haggerty CL, Ness RB, Kelsey S, Waterer GW. The impact of estrogen and progesterone on asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2003;90:284–91.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Han YY, Forno E, Celedón JC. Vitamin D insufficiency and asthma in a US nationwide study. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2017;5:790.e1–6.e1.

Article  Google Scholar 

Chen TC, Parker JD, Clark J, Shin HC, Rammon JR, Burt VL. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Estimation Procedures, 2011-2014. Vital Health Stat 2. 2018;1–26.

Jayatilaka NK, Restrepo P, Williams L, Ospina M, Valentin-Blasini L, Calafat AM. Quantification of three chlorinated dialkyl phosphates, diphenyl phosphate, 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoic acid, and four other organophosphates in human urine by solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2017;409:1323–32.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

CDC. NHANES 2013-2014 questionnaire instruments: medical conditions. 2013. https://wwwn.cdc.gov/Nchs/Nhanes/Search/DataPage.aspx?Component=Questionnaire&CycleBeginYear=2013.

Lødrup Carlsen KC, Roll S, Carlsen KH, Mowinckel P, Wijga AH, Brunekreef B, et al. Does pet ownership in infancy lead to asthma or allergy at school age? Pooled analysis of individual participant data from 11 European birth cohorts. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e43214.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Miller MR, Hankinson J, Brusasco V, Burgos F, Casaburi R, Coates A, et al. Standardisation of spirometry. Eur Respir J. 2005;26:319–38.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Quanjer PH, Stanojevic S, Cole TJ, Baur X, Hall GL, Culver BH, et al. Multi-ethnic reference values for spirometry for the 3-95-yr age range: the global lung function 2012 equations. Eur Respir J. 2012;40:1324–43.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

American Thoracic Society, European Respiratory Society. ATS/ERS recommendations for standardized procedures for the online and offline measurement of exhaled lower respiratory nitric oxide and nasal nitric oxide, 2005. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;171:912–30.

Fuseini H, Newcomb DC. Mechanisms driving gender differences in asthma. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2017;17:19.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Han YY, Forno E, Celedón JC. Sex steroid hormones and asthma in a nationwide study of U.S. adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;201:158–66.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Han YY, Forno E, Celedon JC. Adiposity, fractional exhaled nitric oxide, and asthma in U.S. children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;190:32–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Institute of Medicine Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium. The National Academies Collection: reports funded by National Institutes of Health. In: Ross AC, Taylor CL, Yaktine AL, Del Valle HB, editors. Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. Washington (DC): National Academy of Sciences; 2011.

Peters U, Dixon AE, Forno E. Obesity and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018;141:1169–79.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Guo SS, Grummer-Strawn LM, Flegal KM, Mei Z, et al. 2000 CDC growth charts for the United States: methods and development. Vital Health Stat 11. 2002:1–190.

Sun Y, Xia PF, Xie J, Mustieles V, Zhang Y, Wang YX, et al. Association of blood trihalomethane concentrations with asthma in U.S. adolescents: nationally representative cross-sectional study. Eur Respir J. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01440-2021.

Madrigal JM, Persky V, Pappalardo A, Argos M. Association of heavy metals with measures of pulmonary function in children and youth: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Environ Int. 2018;121:871–8.

Article