Advances in Radiotherapy for Brain Metastases

Ostrom Q.T. Wright C.H. Barnholtz-Sloan J.S.

Chapter 2 - Brain metastases: epidemiology.

in: Handbook of clinical neurology. 149. Elsevier, Cambridge, MA: 27-42Chao J.H. Phillips R. Nickson J.J.

Roentgen-ray therapy of cerebral metastases.

Cancer. 7: 682-689Wilke C. Grosshans D. Duman J. et al.

Radiation-induced cognitive toxicity: pathophysiology and interventions to reduce toxicity in adults.

Neuro Oncol. 20: 597-607Patchell R.A. Tibbs P.A. Walsh J.W. et al.

A Randomized Trial of Surgery in the Treatment of Single Metastases to the Brain.

N Engl J Med. 322: 494-500Patchell R.A. Tibbs P.A. Regine W.F. et al.

Postoperative Radiotherapy in the Treatment of Single Metastases to the BrainA Randomized Trial.

JAMA. 280: 1485-1489Mulvenna P. Nankivell M. Barton R. et al.

Dexamethasone and supportive care with or without whole brain radiotherapy in treating patients with non-small cell lung cancer with brain metastases unsuitable for resection or stereotactic radiotherapy (QUARTZ): results from a phase 3, non-inferiority, randomised trial.

Lancet. 388: 2004-2014Gondi V. Tomé W.A. Mehta M.P.

Why avoid the hippocampus? A comprehensive review.

Radiother Oncol. 97: 370-376Eriksson P.S. Perfilieva E. Björk-Eriksson T. et al.

Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus.

Nat Med. 4: 1313-1317Regine W.F. Schmitt F.A. Scott C.B. et al.

Feasibility of neurocognitive outcome evaluations in patients with brain metastases in a multi-institutional cooperative group setting: results of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group trial BR-0018.

Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 58: 1346-1352Marsh J.C. Herskovic A.M. Gielda B.T. et al.

Intracranial Metastatic Disease Spares the Limbic Circuit: A Review of 697 Metastatic Lesions in 107 Patients.

Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 76: 504-512Gondi V. Pugh S.L. Tome W.A. et al.

Preservation of Memory With Conformal Avoidance of the Hippocampal Neural Stem-Cell Compartment During Whole-Brain Radiotherapy for Brain Metastases (RTOG 0933): A Phase II Multi-Institutional Trial.

J Clin Orthod. 32: 3810-3816Duman J.G. Dinh J. Zhou W. et al.

Memantine prevents acute radiation-induced toxicities at hippocampal excitatory synapses.

Neuro Oncol. 20: 655-665Chen H. Pellegrini J. Aggarwal S. et al.

Open-channel block of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) responses by memantine: therapeutic advantage against NMDA receptor-mediated neurotoxicity.

J Neurosci. 12: 4427

Mechanism of memantine block of NMDA-activated channels in rat retinal ganglion cells: uncompetitive antagonism.

J Physiol. 499: 27-46Brown P.D. Pugh S. Laack N.N. et al.

Memantine for the prevention of cognitive dysfunction in patients receiving whole-brain radiotherapy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Neuro Oncol. 15: 1429-1437Gondi V. Deshmukh S. Brown P.D. et al.

Preservation of Neurocognitive Function (NCF) with Conformal Avoidance of the Hippocampus during Whole-Brain Radiotherapy (HA-WBRT) for Brain Metastases: Preliminary Results of Phase III Trial NRG Oncology CC001.

Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 102: 1607Rodríguez de Dios N. Couñago F. Murcia-Mejía M. et al.

Randomized Phase III Trial of Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation With or Without Hippocampal Avoidance for Small-Cell Lung Cancer (PREMER): A GICOR-GOECP-SEOR Study.

J Clin Orthod. 39: 3118-3127

Repopulation of cancer cells during therapy: an important cause of treatment failure.

Nat Rev Cancer. 5: 516-525Wilson G.A. Raiche A.P. Sugeng F.

2.5D inversion of airborne electromagnetic data.

null. 37: 363-371Andrews D.W. Scott C.B. Sperduto P.W. et al.

Whole brain radiation therapy with or without stereotactic radiosurgery boost for patients with one to three brain metastases: phase III results of the RTOG 9508 randomised trial.

Lancet. 363: 1665-1672Westover K.D. Mendel J.T. Dan T. et al.

Phase II trial of hippocampal-sparing whole brain irradiation with simultaneous integrated boost for metastatic cancer.

Neuro Oncol. 22: 1831-1839Popp I. Rau S. Hintz M. et al.

Hippocampus-avoidance whole-brain radiation therapy with a simultaneous integrated boost for multiple brain metastases.

Cancer. 126: 2694-2703Grosu A.L. Frings L. Bentsalo I. et al.

Whole-brain irradiation with hippocampal sparing and dose escalation on metastases: neurocognitive testing and biological imaging (HIPPORAD) – a phase II prospective randomized multicenter trial (NOA-14, ARO 2015–3, DKTK-ROG).

BMC Cancer. 20: 532Palmer J.D. Trifiletti D.M. Gondi V. et al.

Multidisciplinary patient-centered management of brain metastases and future directions.

Neuro-Oncology Advances. 2: vdaa034

Limbic systems for emotion and for memory, but no single limbic system.

Cortex. 62: 119-157Connor M. Karunamuni R. McDonald C. et al.

Regional susceptibility to dose-dependent white matter damage after brain radiotherapy.

Radiother Oncol. 123: 209-217Perlow H. Khaled D. Liu K. et al.

Whole-Brain Radiation Therapy Versus Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Cerebral Metastases.

Neurosurg Clin. 31: 565-573Sahgal A. Aoyama H. Kocher M. et al.

Phase 3 Trials of Stereotactic Radiosurgery With or Without Whole-Brain Radiation Therapy for 1 to 4 Brain Metastases: Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis.

Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 91: 710-717Aoyama H. Shirato H. Tago M. et al.

Stereotactic Radiosurgery Plus Whole-Brain Radiation Therapy vs Stereotactic Radiosurgery Alone for Treatment of Brain MetastasesA Randomized Controlled Trial.

JAMA. 295: 2483-2491Chang E.L. Wefel J.S. Hess K.R. et al.

Neurocognition in patients with brain metastases treated with radiosurgery or radiosurgery plus whole-brain irradiation: a randomised controlled trial.

Lancet Oncol. 10: 1037-1044Brown P.D. Jaeckle K. Ballman K.V. et al.

Effect of Radiosurgery Alone vs Radiosurgery With Whole Brain Radiation Therapy on Cognitive Function in Patients With 1 to 3 Brain Metastases: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

JAMA. 316: 401-409Hughes R.T. Masters A.H. McTyre E.R. et al.

Initial SRS for Patients With 5 to 15 Brain Metastases: Results of a Multi-Institutional Experience.

Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 104: 1091-1098Gondi V. Bauman G. Bradfield L. et al.

Radiation Therapy for Brain Metastases: An ASTRO Clinical Practice Guideline.

Practical Radiation Oncology. 12: 265-282Brown P.D. Asher A.L. Farace E.

Adjuvant Whole Brain Radiotherapy: Strong Emotions Decide But Rational Studies Are Needed.

Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 70: 1305-1309Roberge D. Brown P. Mason W. et al.

CMET-48. CE7 canadian clinical trials group/alliance for clinical trials in oncology. a phase iii trial of stereotactic radiosurgery compared with whole brain radiotherapy (wbrt) for 5–15 brain metastases.

Neuro Oncol. 19: vi49Sankey E.W. Tsvankin V. Grabowski M.M. et al.

Operative and peri-operative considerations in the management of brain metastasis.

Cancer Med. 8: 6809-6831Ahn J.H. Lee S.H. Kim S. et al.

Risk for leptomeningeal seeding after resection for brain metastases: implication of tumor location with mode of resection: Clinical article.

Journal of Neurosurgery JNS. 116: 984-993Soltys S.G. Adler J.R. Lipani J.D. et al.

Stereotactic Radiosurgery of the Postoperative Resection Cavity for Brain Metastases.

Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 70: 187-193Hyun J.W. Jeong I.H. Joung A. et al.

Leptomeningeal metastasis: Clinical experience of 519 cases.

European Journal of Cancer. 56: 107-114Katipally R. Koffer P.P. Rava P.S. et al.

Surgical Resection and Posterior Fossa Location Increase the Incidence of Leptomeningeal Disease in Patients Treated with Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Brain Metastases.

Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 99: S173Udovicich C. Phillips C. Kok D.L. et al.

Neoadjuvant Stereotactic Radiosurgery: a Further Evolution in the Management of Brain Metastases.

Curr Oncol Rep. 21: 73Patel K.R. Burri S.H. Asher A.L. et al.

Comparing Preoperative With Postoperative Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Resectable Brain Metastases: A Multi-institutional Analysis.

Neurosurgery. 79 ()Patel K.R. Burri S.H. Boselli D. et al.

Comparing pre-operative stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) to post-operative whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) for resectable brain metastases: a multi-institutional analysis.

J Neuro Oncol. 131: 611-618Prabhu R.S. Press R.H. Patel K.R. et al.

Single-Fraction Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS) Alone Versus Surgical Resection and SRS for Large Brain Metastases: A Multi-institutional Analysis.

Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 99: 459-467Asher A.L. Burri S.H. Wiggins W.F. et al.

A New Treatment Paradigm: Neoadjuvant Radiosurgery Before Surgical Resection of Brain Metastases With Analysis of Local Tumor Recurrence.

Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 88: 899-906Patel A.R. Nedzi L. Lau S. et al.

Neoadjuvant Stereotactic Radiosurgery Before Surgical Resection of Cerebral Metastases.

World Neurosurgery. 120: e480-e487Prabhu R.S. Dhakal R. Vaslow Z.K. et al.

Preoperative Radiosurgery for Resected Brain Metastases: The PROPS-BM Multicenter Cohort Study.

Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 111: 764-772Palmer J.D. Perlow H.K. Matsui J.K. et al.

Fractionated pre-operative stereotactic radiotherapy for patients with brain metastases: a multi-institutional analysis.

J Neuro Oncol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-022-04073-wMahajan A. Ahmed S. McAleer M.F. et al.

Post-operative stereotactic radiosurgery versus observation for completely resected brain metastases: a single-centre, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial.

Lancet Oncol. 18: 1040-1048Brown P.D. Ballman K.V. Cerhan J.H. et al.

Postoperative stereotactic radiosurgery compared with whole brain radiotherapy for resected metastatic brain disease (NCCTG N107C/CEC·3): a multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial.

Lancet Oncol. 18: 1049-1060Kayama T. Sato S. Sakurada K. et al.

Effects of Surgery With Salvage Stereotactic Radiosurgery Versus Surgery With Whole-Brain Radiation Therapy in Patients With One to Four Brain Metastases (JCOG0504): A Phase III, Noninferiority, Randomized Controlled Trial.

J Clin Orthod. 36: 3282-3289Perlow H.K. Ho C. Matsui J.K. et al.

Comparing pre-operative versus post-operative single and multi-fraction stereotactic radiotherapy for patients with resectable brain metastases.

Clinical and Translational Radiation Oncology. 38: 117-122Aliabadi H. Nikpour A.M. Yoo D.S. et al.

Pre-operative stereotactic radiosurgery treatment is preferred to post-operative treatment for smaller solitary brain metastases.

Chinese Neurosurgical Journal. 3: 29El Shafie R.A. Tonndorf-Martini E. Schmitt D. et al.

Pre-Operative Versus Post-Operative Radiosurgery of Brain Metastases—Volumetric and Dosimetric Impact of Treatment Sequence and Margin Concept.

Cancers. 11https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers11030294

A Dosimetric Comparison of Preoperative Versus Postoperative Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Brain Metastases.

Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 105: E758Soliman H. Ruschin M. Angelov L. et al.

Consensus Contouring Guidelines for Postoperative Completely Resected Cavity Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Brain Metastases.

Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 100: 436-442Schaue D. Kachikwu E.L. McBride W.H.

Cytokines in Radiobiological Responses: A Review.

Radiat Res. 178: 505-523Derks S.H.A.E. van der Veldt A.A.M. Smits M.

Brain metastases: the role of clinical imaging.

BJR (Br J Radiol). 95: 20210944Prabhu R.S. Miller K.R. Asher A.L. et al.

Preoperative stereotactic radiosurgery before planned resection of brain metastases: updated analysis of efficacy and toxicity of a novel treatment paradigm.

Journal of Neurosurgery JNS. 131: 1387-1394Itshayek E. Cohen J.E. Yamada Y. et al.

Timing of stereotactic radiosurgery and surgery and wound healing in patients with spinal tumors: a systematic review and expert opinions.

null. 36: 510-523Williams B.J. Suki D. Fox B.D. et al.

Stereotactic radiosurgery for metastatic brain tumors: a comprehensive review of complications: Clinical article.

Journal of Neurosurgery JNS. 111: 439-448Blonigen B.J. Steinmetz R.D. Levin L. et al.

Irradiated Volume as a Predictor of Brain Radionecrosis After Linear Accelerator Stereotactic Radiosurgery.

Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 77: 996-1001Minniti G. Clarke E. Lanzetta G. et al.

Stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases: analysis of outcome and risk of brain radionecrosis.

Radiat Oncol. 6: 48Nedzi L.A. Kooy H. Alexander E. et al.

Variables associated with the development of complications from radiosurgery of intracranial tumors.

Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 21: 591-599Minniti G. Scaringi C. Paolini S. et al.

Single-Fraction Versus Multifraction (3 × 9 Gy) Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Large (>2 cm) Brain Metastases: A Comparative Analysis of Local Control and Risk of Radiation-Induced Brain Necrosis.

Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 95: 1142-1148Milano M.T. Grimm J. Niemierko A. et al.

Single- and Multifraction Stereotactic Radiosurgery Dose/Volume Tolerances of the Brain.

Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 110: 68-86Ernst-Stecken A. Ganslandt O. Lambrecht U. et al.

Phase II trial of hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for brain metastases: Results and toxicity.

Radiother Oncol. 81: 18-24Noordijk E.M. Vecht C.J. Haaxma-Reiche H. et al.

The choice of treatment of single brain metastasis should be based on extracranial tumor activity and age.

Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 29: 711-717Mintz A.H. Kestle J. Rathbone M.P. et al.

A randomized trial to assess the efficacy of surgery in addition to radiotherapy in patients with a single cerebral metastasis.

Cancer. 78: 1470-1476Sneed P.K. Suh J.H. Goetsch S.J. et al.

A multi-institutional review of radiosurgery alone vs. radiosurgery with whole brain radiotherapy as the initial management of brain metastases.

Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 53: 519-526Sanghavi S.N. Miranpuri S.S. Chappell R. et al.

Radiosurgery for patients with brain metastases: a multi-institutional analysis, stratified by the RTOG recursive partitioning analysis method.

Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 51: 426-434Kondziolka D. Patel A. Lunsford L.D. et al.

Stereotactic radiosurgery plus whole brain radiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone for patients with multiple brain metastases.

Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 45: 427-434Minniti G. D’Angelillo R.M. Scaringi C. et al.

Fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with brain metastases.

J Neuro Oncol. 117: 295-301Lehrer E.J. Peterson J.L. Zaorsky N.G. et al.

Single versus Multifraction Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Large Brain Metastases: An International Meta-analysis of 24 Trials.

Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 103: 618-630Minniti G. Esposito V. Clarke E. et al.

Multidose Stereotactic Radiosurgery (9 Gy × 3) of the Postoperative Resection Cavity for Treatment of Large Brain Metastases.

Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 86: 623-629Han J.H. Kim D.G. Chung H.T. et al.

Radiosurgery for Large Brain Metastases.

Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 83: 113-120Kotsarini C. Griffiths P.D. Wilkinson I.D. et al.

A Systematic Review of the Literature on the Effects of Dexamethasone on the Brain From In Vivo Human-Based Studies: Implications for Physiological Brain Imaging of Patients With Intracranial Tumors.

Neurosurgery. 67 ()McPherson C.M. Warnick R.E.

Results of Contemporary Surgical Management of Radiation Necrosis using Frameless Stereotaxis and Intraoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

J Neuro Oncol. 68: 41-47Srinivasan E.S. Grabowski M.M. Nahed B.V. et al.

Laser interstitial thermal therapy for brain metastases.

Neuro-Oncology Advances. 3: v16-v25Ahluwalia M. Barnett G.H. Deng D. et al.

Laser ablation after stereotactic radiosurgery: a multicenter prospective study in patients with metastatic brain tumors and radiation necrosis.

Journal of Neurosurgery JNS. 130: 804-811Moussaieff A. Mechoulam R.

Boswellia resin: from religious ceremonies to medical uses; a review of in-vitro, in-vivo and clinical trials.

J Pharm Pharmacol. 61: 1281-1293Kirste S. Treier M. Wehrle S.J. et al.

Boswellia serrata acts on cerebral edema in patients irradiated for brain tumors.

Cancer. 117: 3788-3795Tsao M.N. Li Y.Q. Lu G. et al.

Upregulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Is Associated with Radiation-Induced Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier Breakdown.

J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 58: 1051-1060Kim J.H. Chung Y.G. Kim C.Y. et al.

Upregulation of VEGF and FGF2 in Normal Rat Brain after Experimental Intraoperative Radiation Therapy.

J Korean Med Sci. 19: 879-886Gridley D. Loredo L. Slater J. et al.

Pilot evaluation of cytokine levels in patients undergoing radiotherapy for brain tumor.

Cancer Detect Prev. 22: 20-29Levin V.A. Bidaut L. Hou P. et al.

Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial of Bevacizumab Therapy for Radiation Necrosis of the Central Nervous System.

Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 79: 1487-1495Pareek P. Sharma A. Thipparampalli Jr et al.

Pentoxifylline and vitamin E alone or in combination for preventing and treating side effects of radiation therapy and concomitant chemoradiotherapy.

Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 3https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012117Dion M.W. Hussey D.H. Osborne J.W.

The effect of pentoxifylline on early and late radiation injury following fractionated irradiation in C3H mice.

Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 17: 101-107Koh W.J. Stelzer K.J. Peterson L.M. et al.

Effect of pentoxifylline on radiation-induced lung and skin toxicity in rats.

Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 31: 71-77Lefaix J.L. Delanian S. Vozenin M.C. et al.

Striking regression of subcutaneous fibrosis induced by high doses of gamma rays using a combination of pentoxifylline and α-tocopherol: an experimental study.

Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 43: 839-847Jacobson G. Bhatia S. Smith B.J. et al.

Randomized Trial of Pentoxifylline and Vitamin E vs Standard Follow-up After Breast Irradiation to Prevent Breast Fibrosis, Evaluated by Tissue Compliance Meter.

Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 85: 604-608Sudmeier L. Switchenko J. Eaton B. et al.

RTHP-01. Pentoxifylline and vitamin e for the treatment of radiation necrosis after stereotactic radiosurgery.

Neuro Oncol. 21: vi210Chuang M.T. Liu Y.S. Tsai Y.S. et al.

Differentiating Radiation-Induced Necrosis from Recurrent Brain Tumor Using MR Perfusion and Spectroscopy: A Meta-Analysis.

PLoS One. 11: e0141438Galldiks N. Law I. Pope W.B. et al.

The use of amino acid PET and conventional MRI for monitoring of brain tumor therapy.

Neuroimage: Clinical. 13: 386-394Sasajima T. Ono T. Shimada N. et al.

Trans-1-amino-3-18F-fluorocyclobutanecarboxylic acid (anti-18F-FACBC) is a feasible alternative to 11C-methyl-L-methionine and magnetic resonance imaging for monitoring treatment response in gliomas.

Nucl Med Biol. 40: 808-815Parent E.E. Benayoun M. Ibeanu I. et al.

[18F]Fluciclovine PET discrimination between high- and low-grade gliomas.

EJNMMI Res. 8: 67Parent E.E. Patel D. Nye J.A. et al.

[18F]-Fluciclovine PET discrimination of recurrent intracranial metastatic disease from radiation necrosis.

EJNMMI Res. 10: 148Cao Y. Tsien C.I. Nagesh V. et al.

Clinical investigation survival prediction in high-grade gliomas by MRI perfusion before and during early stage of RT.

Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 64: 876-885Cha S. Johnson G. Wadghiri Y.Z. et al.

Dynamic, contrast-enhanced perfusion MRI in mouse gliomas: Correlation with histopathology.

Magn Reson Med. 49: 848-855Cha S. Tihan T. Crawford F. et al.

Differentiation of Low-Grade Oligodendrogliomas from Low-Grade Astrocytomas by Using Quantitative Blood-Volume Measurements Derived from Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast-Enhanced MR Imaging.

Am J Neuroradiol. 26: 266Law M. Yang S. Babb J.S. et al.

Comparison of Cerebral Blood Volume and Vascular Permeability from Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast-Enhanced Perfusion MR Imaging with Glioma Grade.

Am J Neuroradiol. 25: 746Hoefnagels F.W.A. Lagerwaard F.J. Sanchez E. et al.

Radiological progression of cerebral metastases after radiosurgery: assessment of perfusion MRI for differentiating between necrosis and recurrence.

J Neurol. 256: 878-887Mitsuya K. Nakasu Y. Horiguchi S. et al.

Perfusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish the recurrence of metastatic brain tumors from radiation necrosis after stereotactic radiosurgery.

J Neuro Oncol. 99: 81-88

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