WOx/ZrO2 is effective in the hydrogenolysis of cellulose to C3 products but the active sites on the W-Zr interfaces are hardly controlled. Herein, we prepared WOx/ZrO2 catalysts with active WOx species by simply varying reduction temperatures, which selectively achieved the C3 alcohols formation. A series of characterizations exhibited that the increased reduction temperatures (400 - 600 C) led to the formation of more dispersed WOx, while higher reduction temperatures (> 600 C) contributed to producing the aggregated WO3 and W2C. At 600 C, the dispersity of WOx peaked with a W5+/ΣWn+ ratio of 19%, providing abundant Lewis acid sites and oxygen vacancies (Vö), which were the active sites for the glucose isomerization to fructose and C-C cleavage of fructose. A selectivity of 48% for C3 alcohols was obtained over the optimized WOx/ZrO2(600 C) + Ru/AC catalyst.

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