Available online 29 March 2023

Topical corticosteroids (TCS) are a mainstay of treatment for atopic dermatitis (AD). There are shared physician and patient concerns that TCS use can result in skin atrophy and systemic absorption. The clinical use of topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCI) for AD is relatively limited despite evidence that TCI are safe and effective. Understanding the differences in efficacy and adverse effects between TCS and TCI can help shape prescription practices to the benefit of patients. The objective of this review is to characterize the difference in efficacy and adverse effects between TCS and TCI. A review of the literature between 2002 and 2022 was performed using the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases. Ten studies comparing TCS of varying potencies with TCI approved for AD treatment were included in the review. Outcome measures were qualified using percent reductions on the modified Eczema Area and Severity Index score and decreases in physician’s global evaluation of AD severity. Tacrolimus had statistically significant (P < .05) improvement in disease severity compared with TCS in 4 of the 5 studies that compared against weak TCS. The data suggest greater treatment efficacy of tacrolimus over weak TCS, and inferior performance of pimecrolimus (TCI) compared with both tacrolimus and weak TCS. It is difficult to draw conclusions between moderate, potent, and very potent TCS and TCI due to the small number of studies making comparisons. TCI can improve disease severity, especially on thin or intertriginous skin regions most vulnerable to adverse events with TCS treatment, and their use may help overcome adherence issues due to patient bias against TCS.

© 2023 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology