1Optum Epidemiology, Boston, MA

2Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Plymouth Meeting, PA

3AstraZeneca LP, Wilmington, DE

4Self-employed epidemiology consultant, Buffalo, NY

5Epidemiology, Alexion AstraZeneca Rare Disease, Boston, MA

6Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

7Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction - Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

8Imperial Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom

Katherine C. Hughes and Timothy A. Herring contributed equally to this submission.

Correspondence to: Katherine C. Hughes, ScD, Optum Epidemiology, 11th Floor, 1325 Boyston St, Boston, MA 02215. E-mail: [email protected]

This analysis was conducted under a study research contract between Optum and Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc, and Inovio funded the study.

Role of the funding source: This study was funded by Inovio. Optum collaborated with Inovio to write the protocol and review results. Optum investigators held final decision-making power over wording in the manuscript.

Katherine Hughes, Jennifer Song, Robert Gately, Rachel P. Ogilvie, and John Seeger are employees of Optum and own stock in UnitedHealth Group, the parent company of Optum.

Keiko Simon is an employee of Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc, and may own stock in the company.

Maria Kyrgiou and Lindsey Przybyl are paid consultants to Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Timothy Herring and Prakash Bhuyan were employees of Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc, and owned stock in the company at the time of this work.

IRB approval was not required for this study because analyses used a deidentified claims database.

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