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National diabetes statistics report.

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IDF Diabetes Atlas 10th edition; International Diabetes Federation.

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2022 National Standards for Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support.

Diabetes Care. 45 (): 484-494American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee

2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022.

Diabetes Care. 45: S17-S38

Long-term complications of diabetes mellitus.

N Engl J Med. 328: 1676-1685Virani S.S. Alonso A. Aparicio H.J. et al.

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2021 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association.

Circulation. 143: e254-e743

Preventing diabetes-related morbidity and mortality in the primary care setting.

J Natl Med Assoc. 94: 549-560American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee

Summary of Revisions: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022.

Diabetes Care. 45: S4-S7American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee Draznin B. et al.

4. Comprehensive Medical Evaluation and Assessment of Comorbidities: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022.

Diabetes Care. 45: S46-S59American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee Draznin B. Aroda V.R. et al.

11. Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022.

Diabetes Care. 45: S175-S184American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 10

Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022.

Diabetes Care. 45: S144-S174American Diabetes Association

Economic Costs of Diabetes in the U.S. in 2017.

Diabetes Care. 41: 917-928McAllister D.A. Read S.H. Kerssens J. et al.

Incidence of Hospitalization for Heart Failure and Case-Fatality Among 3.25 Million People With and Without Diabetes Mellitus.

Circulation. 138: 2774-2786

The diabetic foot.

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Global epidemiology of diabetic foot ulceration: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

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Sorbitol, phosphoinositides, and sodium-potassium-ATPase in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications.

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The pathobiology of diabetic complications: a unifying mechanism.

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Comorbidities of diabetes and hypertension: mechanisms and approach to target organ protection.

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Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in diabetic patients.

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Prediabetes as a toxic environment for the initiation of microvascular and macrovascular complications.

Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 241: 1323-1331Brannick B. Dagogo-Jack S.

Prediabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: Pathophysiology and Interventions for Prevention and Risk Reduction.

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Preventing foot ulcers in patients with diabetes.

JAMA. 293: 217-228Armstrong D.G. Boulton A.J.M. Bus S.A.

Diabetic Foot Ulcers and Their Recurrence.

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The diabetic foot: Pathophysiology, evaluation, and treatment.

Semin Vasc Surg. 31: 43-48American Diabetes Association

Consensus Development Conference on Diabetic Foot Wound Care: 7-8 April 1999, Boston, Massachusetts. American Diabetes Association.

Diabetes Care. 22: 1354-1360Wukich D.K. Raspovic K.M. Suder N.C.

Patients With Diabetic Foot Disease Fear Major Lower-Extremity Amputation More Than Death.

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Diabetes mellitus, prediabetes, and incidence of subclinical myocardial damage.

Circulation. 130: 1374-1382Dagogo-Jack S. Egbuonu N. Edeoga C.

Principles and practice of nonpharmacological interventions to reduce cardiometabolic risk.

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Metabolic syndrome, prediabetes and the science of primary prevention.

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Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin.

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Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance.

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Impact of intensive lifestyle and metformin therapy on cardiovascular disease risk factors in the diabetes prevention program.

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Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes, 2018. A Consensus Report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD).

Diabetes Care. 41: 2669-2701American Diabetes Association

4. Lifestyle Management: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2018.

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Physical Activity/Exercise and Diabetes: A Position Statement of the American Diabetes Association.

Diabetes Care. 39: 2065-2079Lemaster J.W. Reiber G.E. Smith D.G. et al.

Daily weight-bearing activity does not increase the risk of diabetic foot ulcers.

Med Sci Sports Exerc. 35: 1093-1099Garvey W.T. Mechanick J.I. Brett E.M. et al.

American association of clinical endocrinologists and american college of endocrinology comprehensive clinical practice guidelines for medical care of patients with obesity.

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Association of hemoglobin A1c with cardiovascular disease and mortality in adults: the European prospective investigation into cancer in Norfolk.

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Smoking is associated with increased hepatic lipase activity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and early atherosclerosis in Type 2 diabetes.

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Review of the role of cigarette smoking in diabetic foot.

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Vascular risk factors and diabetic neuropathy.

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Strategies to help a smoker who is struggling to quit.

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DCRM Multispecialty Practice Recommendations for the management of diabetes, cardiorenal, and metabolic diseases.

J Diabetes Complications. 36: 108101American Diabetes Association

6. Glycemic Targets: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2021.

Diabetes Care. 44: S73-S84American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee

9. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2022.

Diabetes Care. 45: S125-S143Davies M.J. Aroda V.R. Collins B.S. et al.

Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes, 2022. A Consensus Report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD).

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Rosiglitazone evaluated for cardiovascular outcomes in oral agent combination therapy for type 2 diabetes (RECORD): a multicentre, randomised, open-label trial.

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Cardiovascular safety of sulphonylureas: over 40 years of continuous controversy without an answer.

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GLP-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of type 2 diabetes - state-of-the-art.

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Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.

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Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes.

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Effects of Liraglutide on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes Patients With and Without Baseline Metformin Use: Post Hoc Analyses of the LEADER Trial.

Diabetes Care. 43: e108-e110Karagiannis T. Avgerinos I. Liakos A. et al.

Management of type 2 diabetes with the dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

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Empagliflozin and Progression of Kidney Disease in Type 2 Diabetes.

N Engl J Med. 375: 323-334Zinman B. Wanner C. Lachin J.M. et al.

Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes.

N Engl J Med. 373: 2117-2128Neal B. Perkovic V. Mahaffey K.W. et al.

Canagliflozin and Cardiovascular and Renal Events in Type 2 Diabetes.

N Engl J Med. 377: 644-657Peters A.L. Buschur E.O. Buse J.B. et al.

Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis: A Potential Complication of Treatment With Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibition.

Diabetes Care. 38: 1687-1693

Prescribing information for JARDIANCE. Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany.

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Prescribing information for INVOKANA. Beerse, Belgium, Janssen.

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AstraZeneca. Prescribing information for FARXIGA. Wilmington, DE, 2021.

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Association Between Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors and Lower Extremity Amputation Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.

JAMA Intern Med. 178: 1190-1198

Prescribing information for INVOKANA. Beerse, Belgium.

Janssen, () ()Qian B.B. Chen Q. Li L. et al.

Association between combined treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors and metformin for type 2 diabetes mellitus on fracture risk: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

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Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors and microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis.

J Endocrinol Invest. 43: 289-304Barraclough J.Y. Yu J. Figtree G.A. et al.

Cardiovascular and renal outcomes with canagliflozin in patients with peripheral arterial disease: Data from the CANVAS Program and CREDENCE trial.

Diabetes Obes Metab. 24: 1072-1083American Diabetes Association

9. Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2021.

Diabetes Care. 44: S111-S124American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee Draznin B. Aroda V.R. et al.

12. Retinopathy, Neuropathy, and Foot Care: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022.

Diabetes Care. 45: S185-S194Bus S.A. Lavery L.A. Monteiro-Soares M. et al.

Guidelines on the prevention of foot ulcers in persons with diabetes (IWGDF 2019 update).

Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 36: e3269Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group Nathan D.M. Genuth S. et al.

The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

N Engl J Med. 329: 977-986

Realising the long-term promise of insulin therapy: the DCCT/EDIC study.

Diabetologia. 64: 1049-1058Lachin J.M. Nathan D.M. DCCT/EDIC Research Group

Understanding Metabolic Memory: The Prolonged Influence of Glycemia During the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) on Future Risks of Complications During the Study of the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC).

Diabetes Care. 44: 2216-2224Holman R.R. Paul S.K. Bethel M.A. et al.

10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes.

N Engl J Med. 359: 1577-1589

Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group.

Lancet. 352: 837-853UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group

Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group.

BMJ. 317: 703-713Boyko E.J. Zelnick L.R. Braffett B.H. et al.

Risk of Foot Ulcer and Lower-Extremity Amputation Among Participants in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study.

Diabetes Care. 45: 357-364Hingorani A. LaMuraglia G.M. Henke P. et al.

The management of diabetic foot: A clinical practice guideline by the Society for Vascular Surgery in collaboration with the American Podiatric Medical Association and the Society for Vascular Medicine.

J Vasc Surg. 63: 3S-21SBonner T. Foster M. Spears-Lanoix E.

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Diabet Foot Ankle. 7: 29758Lipsky B.A. Berendt A.R. Cornia P.B. et al.

2012 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections.

Clin Infect Dis. 54: e132-e173Cychosz C.C. Phisitkul P. Belatti D.A. et al.

Preventive and Therapeutic Strategies for Diabetic Foot Ulcers.

Foot Ankle Int. 37: 334-343Fife C.E. Carter M.J. Walker D. et al.

Diabetic foot ulcer off-loading: The gap between evidence and practice. Data from the US Wound Registry.

Adv Skin Wound Care. 27: 310-316Lavery L.A. Higgins K.R. La Fontaine J. et al.

Randomised clinical trial to compare total contact casts, healing sandals and a shear-reducing removable boot to heal diabetic foot ulcers.

Int Wound J. 12: 710-715Stoekenbroek R.M. Santema T.B. Legemate D.A. et al.

Hyperbaric oxygen for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers: a systematic review.

Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 47: 647-655Ma L. Li P. Shi Z. et al.

A prospective, randomized, controlled study of hyperbaric oxygen therapy: effects on healing and oxidative stress of ulcer tissue in patients with a diabetic foot ulcer.

Ostomy Wound Manage. 59: 18-24Dumville J.C. Hinchliffe R.J. Cullum N. et al.

Negative pressure wound therapy for treating foot wounds in people with diabetes mellitus.

Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 10: CD010318Rhee S.M. Valle M.F. Wilson L.M. et al.

Negative pressure wound therapy technologies for chronic wound care in the home setting.

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US), Rockville (MD)Hinchliffe R.J. Andros G. Apelqvist J. et al.

A systematic review of the effectiveness of revascularization of the ulcerated foot in patients with diabetes and peripheral arterial disease.

Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 28: 179-217Mills Sr., J.L. Conte M.S. Armstrong D.G. et al.

The Society for Vascular Surgery Lower Extremity Threatened Limb Classification System: risk stratification based on wound, ischemia, and foot infection (WIfI).

J Vasc Surg. 59: 220-234. e342Wiviott S.D. Raz I. Bonaca M.P. et al.

Dapagliflozin and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes.

N Engl J Med. 380: 347-357Cannon C.P. Pratley R. Dagogo-Jack S. et al.

Cardiovascular Outcomes with Ertugliflozin in Type 2 Diabetes.

N Engl J Med. 383: 1425-1435