Profiles of bacteria isolates and their antimicrobial resistance pattern among housemaids working in communal living residences in Jimma City, Ethiopia

Abstract

Abstract Background: Bacterial pathogens continued to be the major causes of foodborne gastroenteritis in humans and remained public health important pathogens across the globe. As regards, housemaids operating inside a kitchen could be the source of infection and may transmit disease-inflicting pathogens through infected hands. Profiles of bacteria isolates and their antimicrobial resistance patterns among housemaids employed in dwellings in Ethiopia; particularly in the study area haven’t been underexplored yet. Objective: A study aimed to assess the profiles of bacteria isolates and antimicrobial resistance patterns among housemaids working in communal living residences in Jimma City, Ethiopia. Methods: Laboratory-based cross-sectional study design was employed among 230 housemaids from April-June 2022. Hand swabs samples from the dominant hand of the study participants were collected under sterile conditions for the segregation of commensal microbes following standard operating procedures. Then in the laboratory, the swabs were inoculated aseptically using streak-plating methods on mannitol salt agar, MacConkey agar, Salmonella-shigella agar, and Eosin Methylene Blue Agar. Then inoculated samples were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours for bacterial isolation. In addition, a set of biochemical tests was applied to examine bacterial species. Data was entered into Epidata version 3.1. All statistics were performed using SPSS® statistics version 26. Descriptive analyses were summarized using frequency and percentage. Results: The response rate of respondents was 97.8%. The prevalence of bacterial contaminants in the hands of housemaids who tested positive was 72% (95%CI: 66.2-77.8%). The isolated bacterial were Staphylococcus aureus (31.8%), Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci (0.9%), Escherichia coli (21.5%), Salmonella (1.3%), Shigella (6.7%), Klebsiella species (23.3%) and Proteus species (14.8%). The isolation rate of bacteria was significantly associated with the removal watch, ring, and bracelet during hand washing. Most isolated bacteria were sensitive to Chloramphenicol while the majority of them were resistant to Tetracycline, Gentamycin, Vancomycin, and Ceftazidime. Conclusions: Hands of housemaids are important potential sources of disease-causing bacterial pathogens that would result in the potential risk of foodborne diseases. Most isolated bacteria were resistant to tested antimicrobial drugs. Everybody responsible should work practice of good hand hygiene.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

Funding Statement

The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Author Declarations

I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.

Yes

The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:

The research was conducted after approval of ethical clearance by the IRB of Jimma University. Both oral and informed consent was sought from each respondent. The overall information obtained from study participants and their privacy was kept strictly confidential using codes. The unusual clinical finding would be linked to concerned bodies including the study participants and households. PPE was applied such as the use of a mask, the use of gloves, rubbing hands with sanitizer or alcohol, and hand washing with soap during data collection to prevent transmission of Covid-19 between the data collector to the study participants and vice-versa.

I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.

Yes

I understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).

Yes

I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines, such as any relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material, if applicable.

Yes

Data Availability

All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.

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