We would like to thank all medical, paramedical, laboratory and nursing staff involved in the care of the COVD-19 patients and for realising the patient recruitment at Charité – Universitätmedizin Berlin, Germany, and Amsterdam UMC, The Netherlands.

Furthermore, the authors would like to thank all investigators of the Berlin prospective Pa-COVID-19 cohort: Florian Kurth (Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany), Maria Roennefarth (Clinical Study Center (CSC), Berlin Institute of Health, and Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany), Charlotte Thibeault (Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany), Victor M. Corman (Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany), Holger Müller-Redetzky (Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany), Mirja Mittermaier (Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany), Christoph Ruwwe-Glösenkamp (Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany), Katrin M. Heim (Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany), Alexander Krannich (Clinical Study Center (CSC), Berlin Institute of Health, and Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany), Saskia Zvorc (Clinical Study Center (CSC), Berlin Institute of Health, and Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany), Sein Schmidt (Clinical Study Center (CSC), Berlin Institute of Health, and Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany), Lucie Kretzler (Clinical Study Center (CSC), Berlin Institute of Health, and Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany), Chantip Dang-Heine (Clinical Study Center (CSC), Berlin Institute of Health, and Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany), Matthias Rose (Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany), Michael Hummel (Central Biobank Charité (ZeBanC), Institute of Pathology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany), Andreas Hocke (Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany), Ralf H. Hübner (Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany), Bastian Opitz (Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany), Marcus A. Mall (Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany), Jobst Röhmel (Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany), Ulf Landmesser (Department of Cardiology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany), Burkert Pieske (Medical Department, Division of Cardiology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany), Samuel Knauss (Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology and Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany), Matthias Endres (Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology and Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany), Joachim Spranger (Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany), Frank P. Mockenhaupt (Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health Berlin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany), Frank Tacke (Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany), Sascha Treskatsch (Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charite Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany), Stefan Angermair (Division of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Medical Department, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany), Britta Siegmund (Division of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Medical Department, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany), Claudia Spies (Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany), Steffen Weber-Carstens (Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany), Kai-Uwe Eckardt (Department of Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany), Dirk Schürmann (Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany), Alexander Uhrig (Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany), Miriam S. Stegemann (Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany), Thomas Zoller (Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany), Christian Drosten (Institute of Virology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany), Norbert Suttorp (Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany), Martin Witzenrath (Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany), Stefan Hippenstiel (Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany), Christof von Kalle (Clinical Study Center (CSC), Berlin Institute of Health, and Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany) and Leif Erik Sander (Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany).

Finally, the authors also thank the Amsterdam UMC COVID-19 Biobank investigators: Michiel van Agtmael (Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Anne Geke Algera (Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Brent Appelman (Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Frank van Baarle (Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Diane Bax (Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Martijn Beudel (Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Harm Jan Bogaard (Department of Pulmonology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Marije Bomers (Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) Peter Bonta (Department of Pulmonology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Lieuwe Bos (Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Michela Botta (Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Justin de Brabander (Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Godelieve de Bree (Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Sanne de Bruin (Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), David T.P. Buis (Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Marianna Bugiani (Department of Pulmonology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Esther Bulle (Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Nora Chekrouni (Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Osoul Chouchane (Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Alex Cloherty (Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Mirjam Dijkstra (Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Dave A. Dongelmans (Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Erik Duijvelaar (Department of Pulmonology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Romein W.G. Dujardin (Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Paul Elbers (Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Lucas Fleuren (Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Suzanne Geerlings (Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Theo Geijtenbeek (Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Armand Girbes (Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Bram Goorhuis (Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Martin P. Grobusch (Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Florianne Hafkamp (Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Laura Hagens (Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Jorg Hamann (Amsterdam UMC Biobank Core Facility, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Vanessa Harris (Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Robert Hemke (Department of Radiology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Sabine M. Hermans (Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Leo Heunks (Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Markus Hollmann (Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Janneke Horn (Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Joppe W. Hovius (Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Menno D. de Jong (Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Rutger Koning (Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Endry H.T. Lim (Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Niels van Mourik (Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Jeaninne Nellen (Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Esther J. Nossent (Department of Pulmonology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Sabine Olie (Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Frederique Paulus (Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Edgar Peters (Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Dan A.I. Pina-Fuentes (Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Tom van der Poll (Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Bennedikt Preckel (Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Jorinde Raasveld (Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Tom Reijnders (Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Maurits C.F.J. de Rotte (Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Job R. Schippers (Department of Pulmonology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Michiel Schinkel (Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Marcus J. Schultz (Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Femke A.P. Schrauwen (Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Alex Schuurman (Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Jaap Schuurmans (Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Kim Sigaloff (Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Marleen A. Slim (Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Patrick Smeele (Department of Pulmonology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Marry Smit (Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Cornelis S. Stijnis (Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Willemke Stilma (Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Charlotte Teunissen (Neurochemical Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Patrick Thoral (Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Anissa M. Tsonas (Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Pieter R. Tuinman (Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Marc van der Valk (Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Denise Veelo (Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Carolien Volleman (Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Heder de Vries (Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Lonneke A. Vught (Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Michéle van Vugt (Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Dorien Wouters (Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), A.H. (Koos) Zwinderman (Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Matthijs C. Brouwer (Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), W. Joost Wiersinga (Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Alexander P.J. Vlaar (Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) and Diederik van de Beek (Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands).