Categories of Evidence and Methods in Surgical Decision-Making

George Washington’s Final Years - And Sudden, Agonizing Death. History.

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Death of a President.

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The environment and disease: association or causation?.

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Sir Austin Bradford Hill and the progress of medical science.

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Causes.

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Benjamin Rush, MD: assassin or beloved healer?.

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Evaluating the quality of medical care.

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Identifying the fundamental structures and processes of care contributing to emergency general surgery quality using a mixed-methods Donabedian approach.

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Quality care in surgery.

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Quality control in outpatient surgery: what data are useful?.

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POSSUM: a scoring system for surgical audit.

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Risk adjustment of the postoperative mortality rate for the comparative assessment of the quality of surgical care: results of the National Veterans Affairs Surgical Risk Study.

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The comparative assessment and improvement of quality of surgical care in the department of veterans affairs.

Arch Surg. 2002; 137: 20-27

History of ACS NSQIP. American College of Surgeons.

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What metrics accurately reflect surgical quality?.

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Association of hospital critical access status with surgical outcomes and expenditures among medicare beneficiaries.

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Surgeon volume and operative mortality in the United States.

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Hospital volume and surgical mortality in the United States.

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Surgical skill and complication rates after bariatric surgery.

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Evaluation of 2,590 urological laparoscopic surgeries undertaken by urological surgeons accredited by an endoscopic surgical skill qualification system in urological laparoscopy in Japan.

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The endoscopic surgical skill qualification system for gastric surgery in Japan.

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Identifying and avoiding bias in research.

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Case-control studies : design, conduct, analysis.

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Challenges and opportunities for using big health care data to advance medical science and public health.

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Using electronic health records for population health research: a review of methods and applications.

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Using big data to emulate a target trial when a randomized trial is not available.

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Case-control matching: effects, misconceptions, and recommendations.

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Cross-sectional studies: strengths, weaknesses, and recommendations.

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An overview of clinical research: the lay of the land.

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Causal directed acyclic graphs.

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Statistical paradises and paradoxes in big data (I): law of large populations, big data paradox, and the 2016 US presidential election.

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Unrepresentative big surveys significantly overestimated US vaccine uptake.

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Statistical tests, P values, confidence intervals, and power: a guide to misinterpretations.

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The abuse of power.

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How scientists fool themselves - and how they can stop.

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