Younossi ZM, Koenig AB, Abdelatif D, Fazel Y, Henry L, Wymer M. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology. 2016;64(1):73–84. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.28431.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE, Charlton M, Cusi K, Rinella M, Harrison SA, Brunt EM, Sanyal AJ. The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2018;67(1):328–57. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.29367.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Targher G, Byrne CD, Lonardo A, Zoppini G, Barbui C. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of incident cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis. J Hepatol. 2016;65(3):589–600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2016.05.013.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sun DQ, Jin Y, Wang TY, Zheng KI, Rios RS, Zhang HY, Targher G, Byrne CD, Yuan WJ, Zheng MH. MAFLD and risk of CKD. Metabolism. 2021;115:154433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154433.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim D, Konyn P, Sandhu KK, Dennis BB, Cheung AC, Ahmed A. Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease is associated with increased all-cause mortality in the United States. J Hepatol. 2021;75(6):1284–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2021.07.035.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eslam M, Newsome PN, Sarin SK, Anstee QM, Targher G, Romero-Gomez M, Zelber-Sagi S, Wai-Sun Wong V, Dufour JF, Schattenberg JM, Kawaguchi T, Arrese M, Valenti L, Shiha G, Tiribelli C, Yki-Järvinen H, Fan JG, Grønbæk H, Yilmaz Y, Cortez-Pinto H, Oliveira CP, Bedossa P, Adams LA, Zheng MH, Fouad Y, Chan WK, Mendez-Sanchez N, Ahn SH, Castera L, Bugianesi E, Ratziu V, George J. A new definition for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: an international expert consensus statement. J Hepatol. 2020;73(1):202–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2020.03.039.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wai-Sun Wong V, Kanwal F. On the proposed definition of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;19(5):865–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2021.01.017.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yamamura S, Eslam M, Kawaguchi T, Tsutsumi T, Nakano D, Yoshinaga S, Takahashi H, Anzai K, George J, Torimura T. MAFLD identifies patients with significant hepatic fibrosis better than NAFLD. Liver Int. 2020;40(12):3018–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.14675.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen X, Chen S, Pang J, Tang Y, Ling W. Are the different MAFLD subtypes based on the inclusion criteria correlated with all-cause mortality? J Hepatol. 2021;75(4):987–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2021.06.013.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Park H, Yoon EL, Kim M, Cho S, Nah EH, Jun DW. Nomenclature dilemma of metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD): considerable proportions of MAFLD are metabolic healthy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;S1542–3565(22):00437–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2022.04.012.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mantovani A, Csermely A, Petracca G, Beatrice G, Corey KE, Simon TG, Byrne CD, Targher G. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;6(11):903–13.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu S, Wu F, Ding Y, Hou J, Bi J, Zhang Z. Association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with major adverse cardiovascular events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2016;16(6):33386.

Article  Google Scholar 

Zhou YY, Zhou XD, Wu SJ, Fan DH, Van Poucke S, Chen YP, Fu SW, Zheng MH. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease contributes to subclinical atherosclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatol Commun. 2018;2(4):376–92.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Baratta F, D’Erasmo L, Bini S, Pastori D, Angelico F, Del Ben M, Arca M, Di Costanzo A. Heterogeneity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): Implication for cardiovascular risk stratification. Atherosclerosis. 2022;357:51–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang L, Li M, Zhao Z, Xu M, Lu J, Wang T, Chen Y, Wang S, Dai M, Hou Y, Wu X, Ma L, Li L, Liu S, Wang W, Xu Y, Bi Y, Ning G. Ideal cardiovascular health is inversely associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a prospective analysis. Am J Med. 2018;131(12):1515.e1-1515.e10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2018.07.011.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization. Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) Analysis Guide. http://www.who.int/chp/steps/resources/GPAQ_Analysis_Guide.pdf

Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia. 1985;28(7):412–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00280883.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fan JG, Farrell GC. Epidemiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in China. J Hepatol. 2009;50(1):204–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2008.10.010.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huang Y, Bi Y, Xu M, Ma Z, Xu Y, Wang T, Li M, Liu Y, Lu J, Chen Y, Huang F, Xu B, Zhang J, Wang W, Li X, Ning G. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with atherosclerosis in middle-aged and elderly Chinese. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012;32(9):2321–6. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.112.252957.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Said MA, Eppinga RN, Lipsic E, Verweij N, van der Harst P. Relationship of arterial stiffness index and pulse pressure with cardiovascular disease and mortality. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(2):e007621. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.007621.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lin L, Peng K, Du R, Huang X, Sun W, Ding L, Wang P, Huang Y, Xu Y, Xu M, Chen Y, Bi Y, Wang W, Lu J. High glomerular filtration rate is associated with arterial stiffness in Chinese population. J Hypertens. 2017;35(2):385–91. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000001158.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Heerspink HJL, Greene T, Tighiouart H, Gansevoort RT, Coresh J, Simon AL, Chan TM, Hou FF, Lewis JB, Locatelli F, Praga M, Schena FP, Levey AS, Inker LA, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration. Change in albuminuria as a surrogate endpoint for progression of kidney disease: a meta-analysis of treatment effects in randomised clinical trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019;7(2):128–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30314-0.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Byrne CD, Targher G. NAFLD: a multisystem disease. J Hepatol. 2015;62(1 Suppl):S47-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2014.12.012.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

George J, Gish RG, Geier A. MAFLD and cardiovascular events: What does the evidence show? Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;19(10):2025–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2021.02.027.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim H, Lee CJ, Ahn SH, Lee KS, Lee BK, Baik SJ, Kim SU, Lee JI. MAFLD predicts the risk of cardiovascular disease better than NAFLD in asymptomatic subjects with health check-ups. Dig Dis Sci. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-022-07508-6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee SB, Park GM, Lee JY, Lee BU, Park JH, Kim BG, Jung SW, Jeong ID, Bang SJ, Shin JW, Park NH, Yang DH, Kang JW, Lim TH, Kim HK, Choe J, Lee HC. Association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and subclinical coronary atherosclerosis: An observational cohort study. J Hepatol. 2018;68(5):1018–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2017.12.012.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu S, Wang J, Wu S, Niu J, Zheng R, Bie L, Xin Z, Wang S, Lin H, Zhao Z, Wang T, Xu M, Lu J, Chen Y, Xu Y, Wang W, Ning G, Bi Y, Li M, Xu Y. The progression and regression of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease are associated with the development of subclinical atherosclerosis: a prospective analysis. Metabolism. 2021;120:154779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154779.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gao M, Lv J, Yu C, Guo Y, Bian Z, Yang R, Du H, Yang L, Chen Y, Li Z, Zhang X, Chen J, Qi L, Chen Z, Huang T, Li L, China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) Collaborative Group. Metabolically healthy obesity, transition to unhealthy metabolic status, and vascular disease in Chinese adults: a cohort study. PLoS Med. 2020;17(10):e1003351. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003351.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hamer M, Bell JA, Sabia S, Batty GD, Kivimäki M. Stability of metabolically healthy obesity over 8 years: the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015;173(5):703–8. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-15-0449.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mongraw-Chaffin M, Foster MC, Anderson CAM, Burke GL, Haq N, Kalyani RR, Ouyang P, Sibley CT, Tracy R, Woodward M, Vaidya D. Metabolically healthy obesity, transition to metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(17):1857–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.02.055.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bell JA, Hamer M, Sabia S, Singh-Manoux A, Batty GD, Kivimaki M. The natural course of healthy obesity over 20 years. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(1):101–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2014.09.077.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eckel N, Li Y, Kuxhaus O, Stefan N, Hu FB, Schulze MB. Transition from metabolic healthy to unhealthy phenotypes and association with cardiovascular disease risk across BMI categories in 90 257 women (the Nurses’ Health Study): 30 year follow-up from a prospective cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6(9):714–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30137-2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cho YK, Kang YM, Yoo JH, Lee J, Park JY, Lee WJ, Kim YJ, Jung CH. Implications of the dynamic nature of metabolic health status and obesity on risk of incident cardiovascular events and mortality: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Metabolism. 2019;97:50–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2019.05.002.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eslam M, El-Serag HB, Francque S, Sarin SK, Wei L, Bugianesi E, George J. Metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease in individuals of normal weight. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-022-00635-5.

Article