Intracerebral haemorrhage

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GBD 2019 Stroke Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Neurol. 20, 795–820 (2021). Provides information on global burden and regional disparities related to ICH.

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Poon, M. T. C., Fonville, A. F. & Al-Shahi Salman, R. Long-term prognosis after intracerebral haemorrhage: systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 85, 660–667 (2014).

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Moulin, S. et al. Dementia risk after spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 15, 820–829 (2016). Patients with ICH are at high risk of developing post-ICH dementia, which contributes to the poor outcome of these patients.

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Li, L. et al. Risks of recurrent stroke and all serious vascular events after spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage: pooled analyses of two population-based studies. Lancet Neurol. 20, 437–447 (2021). Reports data from two community-based cohorts on vascular events occurring after ICH. It also identifies a specific subgroup of people with concomitant atrial fibrillation.

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Rannikmäe, K. et al. Reliability of intracerebral hemorrhage classification systems: a systematic review. Int. J. Stroke 11, 626–636 (2016).

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Meretoja, A. et al. SMASH-U: a proposal for etiologic classification of intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 43, 2592–2597 (2012).

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Charidimou, A. et al. The cerebral haemorrhage anatomical rating instrument (CHARTS): development and assessment of reliability. J. Neurol. Sci. 372, 178–183 (2017).

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Martí-Fàbregas, J. et al. The H-ATOMIC criteria for the etiologic classification of patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. PLoS ONE 11, e0156992 (2016).

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Raposo, N. et al. A causal classification system for intracerebral hemorrhage subtypes (CLAS-ICH). Ann. Neurol. 93, 16–28 (2023).

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van Asch, C. J. J. et al. Diagnostic yield and accuracy of CT angiography, MR angiography, and digital subtraction angiography for detection of macrovascular causes of intracerebral haemorrhage: prospective, multicentre cohort study. BMJ 351, h5762 (2015). Describes diagnostic performance of CTA in an ICH population as well as the prevalence of various causes of non-traumatic ICH when investigations are systematically performed.

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Rodrigues, M. A. et al. The Edinburgh CT and genetic diagnostic criteria for lobar intracerebral haemorrhage associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy: model development and diagnostic test accuracy study. Lancet Neurol. 17, 232–240 (2018). Diagnostic criteria for CAA using CT scan and genetic testing.

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Sembill, J. A. et al. Simplified Edinburgh CT criteria for identification of lobar intracerebral hemorrhage associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Neurology 98, e1997–e2004 (2022).

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Fischer, U. et al. Acute post-stroke blood pressure relative to premorbid levels in intracerebral haemorrhage versus major ischaemic stroke: a population-based study. Lancet Neurol. 13, 374–384 (2014).

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Al-Shahi Salman, R. et al. Absolute risk and predictors of the growth of acute spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data. Lancet Neurol. 17, 885–894 (2018). Provides data on haematoma expansion, the main target of medical treatments of ICH developed to date.

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Dowlatshahi, D. et al. Defining hematoma expansion in intracerebral hemorrhage: relationship with patient outcomes. Neurology 76, 1238–1244 (2011).

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Greenberg, C. H., Frosch, M. P., Goldstein, J. N., Rosand, J. & Greenberg, S. M. Modeling intracerebral hemorrhage growth and response to anticoagulation. PLoS ONE 7, e48458 (2012).

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Zheng, H., Chen, C., Zhang, J. & Hu, Z. Mechanism and therapy of brain edema after intracerebral hemorrhage. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 42, 155–169 (2016).

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Aronowski, J. & Zhao, X. Molecular pathophysiology of cerebral hemorrhage: secondary brain injury. Stroke 42, 1781–1786 (2011).

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Loan, J. J. et al. Secondary injury and inflammation after intracerebral haemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis of molecular markers in patient brain tissue. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 93, 126–132 (2022).

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Maślińska, D. & Gajewski, M. Some aspects of the inflammatory process. Folia Neuropathol. 36, 199–204 (1998).

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Gong, C., Hoff, J. T. & Keep, R. F. Acute inflammatory reaction following experimental intracerebral hemorrhage in rat. Brain Res. 871, 57–65 (2000).

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