*Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Transplant Surgery,, Singapore General Hospital, National Cancer Centre Singapore and Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore

†Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital Bundang, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

‡Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Far-Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan

§Hepatobiliary Surgery Division, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy

∥The Intervention Centre and Department of HPB Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

¶Department of Surgery, Poliambulanza Foundation Hospital, Brescia,Italy

#Department of Surgery, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan

**Department of Digestive, HBP and Liver Transplantation, Pitie Salpetriere Hospital, APHP Paris, Sorbonne Universite, Paris, France

††HPB Surgery Department, University Medical Center, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

‡‡Liver Surgery Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil

§§General Surgery Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia-Cervello, Palermo, Italy

∥∥Oncologic Surgery Department, P. Giaccone University Hospital, Palermo, Italy

¶¶HPB Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Milano and University of Milan, Milan, Italy

##Hepatopancreatobiliary Unit, Department of Surgery, Changi General Hospital, Singapore

***AdventHealth Tampa, Digestive Health Institute, Tampa, FL

†††Department of Abdominal and General Surgery, University Medical Center Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia

‡‡‡Department of General Surgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea

§§§Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

∥∥∥Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain

¶¶¶HPB Surgery and Transplantation Unit, United Hospital of Ancona, Department of Sperimental and Clinical Medicine Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy

###Hepatobiliary Surgery Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy

****Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Gynecology, and Pediatrics, University of Verona, GB Rossi Hospital, Verona, Italy

††††Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

‡‡‡‡Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China

§§§§General and Digestive Surgery, Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain

∥∥∥∥General and Digestive Surgery, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

¶¶¶¶Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Moscow Clinical Scientific Center, Moscow, Russia

####HPB and Liver Transplant Unit, Department of General Surgery, University Clinic of Navarra, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain

*****Institute of Health Research of Navarra (IdisNA), Pamplona, Spain

†††††Division of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

‡‡‡‡‡Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Clinic and University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-ARRIXACA, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain

§§§§§Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

∥∥∥∥∥Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Liver Transplant Surgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

¶¶¶¶¶Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

#####Department of Surgery, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China

******Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China

††††††Department of Digestive and Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgery, Groeninge Hospital, Kortrijk, Belgium

‡‡‡‡‡‡Department of Surgery, Fukuyama City Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan

§§§§§§Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Dr. Josep Trueta Hospital, IdIBGi, Girona, Spain

∥∥∥∥∥∥Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY

¶¶¶¶¶¶Faculty of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Medical Center of Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China

######Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, University Medical Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

*******Department of General and Oncological Surgery, Mauriziano Hospital, Turin, Italy

†††††††Division of General Surgery and Liver Transplantation, S. Camillo Hospital, Rome, Italy

‡‡‡‡‡‡‡Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, Centre Hepato-Biliaire, Paul-Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France

§§§§§§§Department of Digestive, Oncologic, and Metabolic Surgery, Institute Mutualiste Montsouris, Universite Paris Descartes, Paris, France

∥∥∥∥∥∥∥Center for Advanced Treatment of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Ageo Central General Hospital, Saitama, Japan

¶¶¶¶¶¶¶ Division of HPB, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Minimally Invasive and Robotic Surgery, Federico II University Hospital Naples, Naples, Italy

#######Department of Surgery, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China

********Department of Surgery, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK

International Robotic and Laparoscopic Liver Resection Study Group Investigators: Nicholas Syn (Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, Singapore General Hospital). Mikel Prieto (Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation Unit, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain). Henri Schotte (Department of Digestive and Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgery, Groeninge Hospital, Kortrijk, Belgium). Celine De Meyere (Department of Digestive and Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgery, Groeninge Hospital, Kortrijk, Belgium) (Department of Surgery, AZ Groeninge Hospital, Kortrijk, Belgium). Felix Krenzien (Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany). Moritz Schmelzle (Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany). Kit-Fai Lee (Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China. Diana Salimgereeva (Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Moscow Clinical Scientific Center, Moscow, Russia). Ruslan Alikhanov (Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, Moscow Clinical Scientific Center, Moscow, Russia). Lip-Seng Lee (Hepatopancreatobiliary Unit, Department of Surgery, Changi General Hospital, Singapore). Jae Young Jang (Department of General Surgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea). Masayuki Kojima (Department of Surgery, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan). Jacob Ghotbi (Department of HPB Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway). Jaime Arthur Pirola Kruger (Liver Surgery Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil). Victor Lopez-Lopez (Department of Surgery, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, Murcia, Spain). Bernardo Dalla Valle (General and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics University of Verona, GB Rossi Hospital, Verona, Italy). Margarida Casellas I Robert (Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Dr. Josep Trueta Hospital, IdIBGi, Girona, Spain). Kohei Mishima (Center for Advanced Treatment of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Ageo Central General Hospital, Saitama, Japan). Roberto Montalti (Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Division of HPB, Minimally Invasive and Robotic Surgery, Federico II University Hospital Naples, Naples, Italy). Mariano Giglio (Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Division of HPB, Minimally Invasive and Robotic Surgery, Federico II University Hospital Naples, Naples, Italy). Alessandro Mazzotta (Department of Digestive, Oncologic and Metabolic Surgery, Institute Mutualiste Montsouris, Universite Paris Descartes, Paris, France). Boram Lee Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. Hao-Ping Wang Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung. Franco Pascual (Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, Centre Hepato-Biliaire, Paul-Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France). Prashant Kadam (Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Liver Transplant Surgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom). Chung-Ngai Tang (Department of Surgery, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China). Shian Yu (Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China). Francesco Ardito (Hepatobiliary Surgery Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy). Simone Vani (Hepatobiliary Surgery Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy). Ugo Giustizieri (HPB Surgery, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy). Davide Citterio (HPB Surgery, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy). Federico Mocchegiani (HPB Surgery and Transplantation Unit, United Hospital of Ancona, Department of Sperimental and Clinical Medicine Polytechnic University of Marche). Giuseppe Maria Ettorre (Division of General Surgery and Liver Transplantation, S. Camillo Hospital, Rome, Italy). Marco Colasanti (Division of General Surgery and Liver Transplantation, S. Camillo Hospital, Rome, Italy). Yoelimar Guzmán (General & Digestive Surgery, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain).

Declarations: This research was partially supported by the US National Cancer Institute MSKCC Core Grant number P30 CA008748.

B.K.P.G. has received travel grants and honorarium from Johnson and Johnson, Olympus, and Transmedic the local distributor for the Da Vinci Robot. M.V.M. is a consultant for CAVA robotics LLC. J.P. reports a research grant from Intuitive Surgical Deutschland GmbH and personal fees or nonfinancial support from Johnson & Johnson, Medtronic, AFS Medical, Astellas, CHG Meridian, Chiesi, Falk Foundation, La Fource Group, Merck, Neovii, NOGGO, pharma-consult Peterson, and Promedicis. M.S. reports personal fees or other support outside of the submitted work from Merck, Bayer, ERBE, Amgen, Johnson & Johnson, Takeda, Olympus, Medtronic, and Intuitive. A.F. reports receiving speaker fees from Bayer. F.R. reports speaker fees and support outside the submitted work from Integra, Medtronic, Olympus, Corza, Sirtex, and Johnson & Johnson. The remaining authors report no conflicts of interest.

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