Evaluation of the gastroprotective and ulcer healing properties by Fridericia chica (Bonpl.) L.G. Lohmann hydroethanolic extract of leaves

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is one of the major gastrointestinal illnesses with rising incidence and prevalence globally. It is a pathological lesion in the gastrointestinal system that often affects the stomach and duodenum (Salga et al., 2012; Brucker and Faucher, 1997). It is a disease that affects between 8 and 10% of the population that inhabits industrialized countries (Gandomani and Malati, 2013).

An imbalance between the factors that protect the mucosa and those that harm it characterizes PUD, which causes harm to the lining of the upper digestive system (Nieto, 2012). The two primary causes of PUD are an infection with Helicobacter pylori and the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIDs) (Huang et al., 2002).

The most effective medications for reducing stomach acid production are proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). They are used for severe forms of peptic ulcers (such as when there is bleeding), functional dyspepsia, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), eradication of Helicobacter pylori when associated with antibiotics, and are also very useful in treating conditions that cause excessive gastric acid secretion, such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Acid suppression resulting from long-term treatment with PPIs has been linked to the growth of enteric flora in the proximal portion of the intestine, with risks of pneumonia during episodes of physiological reflux, parietal cell hyperplasia and gastric gland polyps, decreased intestinal absorption of B12 vitamin, magnesium and calcium, increased infection by Clostridium difficile and interference with the action of certain medications, such as clopidogrel and digitalis (Villafuerte-Gálvez and Kelly, 2018). These medications are generally well tolerated, but they can cause headache, diarrhea, nausea, rash, dizziness, drowsiness, impotence, gynecomastia, and muscle pain (Paz et al., 2008).

A number of medicinal plants have been described as an alternative to synthetic medications for the treatment of H. pylori infections and the prevention and treatment of PUD, often with fewer adverse effects (Wei-Ping et al., 2014; Vale and Oleastro, 2014; Devi et al., 2015). Secondary metabolites from the plant kingdom like flavonoids, saponins, tannins, gums and mucilage and others are of potential therapeutic importance for the treatment of PUD (Borrelli and Izzo, 2000).

The enormous wealth of Brazilian flora, when added to more than 300 indigenous ethnic groups, “quilombolas” and countless traditional communities such as “gerizeiros”, “fishermen”, “vazantes”, and riverside dwellers, among others, reflect on a collection of conserved and little disseminated traditional knowledge (Martins et al., 2019).

Using this floristic heritage, Mato Grosso includes three well-defined Brazilian biomes in its territory: the Amazon Forest, Cerrado, and Pantanal. It also includes large areas of transition, which contributes to the biodiversity of Mato Grosso being unique both at the macro level of biomes and at the level of individual species (Chiovetto, 2014).

One of the plants with popular use for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases is Fridericia chica (Bonpl.) L.G. Lohmann, as synonym of Arrabidaea chica (Bonpl.) Verl.. It is a native and non-endemic climbing plant found in Brazil's Cerrado, Caatinga, Atlantic Forest, Pampa, Pantanal, and Amazon Forest, with documented occurrences in the North, Northeast, Midwest, Southeast, and South states. It is a member of the Bignoniaceae family (Flora do Brazil, 2020) and popularly known in Brazil, with the names of “crajiru”, “pariri”, “carajiru”, “carajuru”, “cajuru”, “crajuru” (Von poser et al., 2000; Mors et al., 2002).

F. chica is a plant that is both commercially and medicinally essential. Because its leaves exhibit reddish pigments, riverbank people have utilized it as an environmentally friendly homemade dye for staining Brycon cephalus Günther; family: Characidae) (matrinxã) leather (Lorenzi, 2008; Schlozer, 2012). Fresh leaves in the form of decoctions are also used to dye the fibers of an Amazonian palm tree (Astrocaryum chambira Burret; family: Arecaceae) used to make tattoos on the skin (Lorenzi, 2008). Leaf decoction has been used to treat gastric ulcer, wound healing, skin cancer, blood depurative, malaise, local pain, fever, menstrual cramps, and inflammation of the uterus, antibiotic, rheumatism, renal colic, and ovaries, bladder and kidneys infections (Bieski et al., 2015).

The leaves of F. chica, aqueous and methanolic extracts was presented in vitro and in vivo cutaneous wound healing activities, and the early extract protects nematodes from lethality induced by tergitol (Jorge et al., 2008; Aro et al., 2012; Olivero-Verbel et al., 2021). Anti-inflammatory trypanocidal, antifungal, antiangiogenic, antiproliferative, hepatoprotective, antihypertensive and vaso-relaxing activities were reported in leaves (Barbosa et al., 2008; Oliveira et al., 2009; Cartágenes, 2009; Medeiros et al., 2011; Michel et al., 2015; Batalha et al., 2022). When the ethanol extract administered orally to rats at dosages up to 3.5 g/kg, absent in any acute toxicity symptoms (Cartágenes, 2009). The dichloromethane extract reportedly exhibited antimicrobial activity (Hofling et al., 2010). Santos et al. (2013) showed that the chloroform fraction of F. chica leaves protect DNA against oxidative damage in vivo condition.

The HEFc leaves did not cause any toxicity in the rats and mice and no cytotoxicity in CHO-k1 cells (Medeiros et al., 2011; Mafioleti et al., 2013; Violante et al., 2020) F. chica leaves presented in vitro cytoprotective, antibacterial, antioxidant effects, and lipoxygenase and cycloxygenase - 2 inhibitors, in vivo antinociceptive, and in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities (Lima et al., 2020; Queiroz et al., 2018; Torres et al., 2018; Vasconcelos et al., 2019; Zago et al., 2020; Violante et al., 2020).

From the leaves of this medicinal plant, carajurine and anthocyanidin were isolated by Zorn et al. (2011) and reported that these substances caused inhibition of the nuclear transcription factor NF-κB in the HEFc. According to Servat-Medina et al. (2015), mice treated with various dosages of nanoparticles made from F. chica leaf extract demonstrated antiulcer activity. A study using rats that had been given oral dosages of ethanol and indomethacin at 30 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg, respectively, found that the “chitosan-tripolyphosphate” nanoparticles as F. chica (AcE-NP) standardized extract carrier had an antiulcerogenic effect (Servat-Medina et al., 2015). Based on early findings of gastro protective effect and other pharmacological potential of HEFc, we aimed to evaluate the preventive and curative antiulcer activity of HEFc and to elucidate the mechanisms behind this action applying in vivo acute and chronic experimental models in rodents.

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