CD163+ macrophages restrain vascular calcification, promoting the development of high-risk plaque

Research ArticleCell biologyVascular biology Open Access | 10.1172/jci.insight.154922

Atsushi Sakamoto,1 Rika Kawakami,1 Masayuki Mori,1 Liang Guo,1 Ka Hyun Paek,1 Jose Verdezoto Mosquera,2,3 Anne Cornelissen,1 Saikat Kumar B. Ghosh,1 Kenji Kawai,1 Takao Konishi,1 Raquel Fernandez,1 Daniela T. Fuller,1 Weili Xu,1 Aimee E. Vozenilek,1 Yu Sato,1 Hiroyuki Jinnouchi,1 Sho Torii,1 Adam W. Turner,2 Hirokuni Akahori,4 Salome Kuntz,1 Craig C. Weinkauf,5 Parker J. Lee,1 Robert Kutys,1 Kathryn Harris,6 Alfred Lawrence Killey,1 Christina M. Mayhew,1 Matthew Ellis,1 Leah M. Weinstein,1 Neel V. Gadhoke,1 Roma Dhingra,1 Jeremy Ullman,1 Armella Dikongue,1 Maria E. Romero,1 Frank D. Kolodgie,1 Clint L. Miller,2 Renu Virmani,1 and Aloke V. Finn1,6

1CVPath Institute, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

4Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.

5Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

6University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Aloke V. Finn, CVPath Institute, Inc., 19 Firstfield Rd., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA. Phone: 301.208.3570; Email: afinn@cvpath.org.

Authorship note: AS and RK contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Sakamoto, A. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1CVPath Institute, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

4Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.

5Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

6University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Aloke V. Finn, CVPath Institute, Inc., 19 Firstfield Rd., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA. Phone: 301.208.3570; Email: afinn@cvpath.org.

Authorship note: AS and RK contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Kawakami, R. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1CVPath Institute, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

4Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.

5Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

6University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Aloke V. Finn, CVPath Institute, Inc., 19 Firstfield Rd., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA. Phone: 301.208.3570; Email: afinn@cvpath.org.

Authorship note: AS and RK contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Mori, M. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1CVPath Institute, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

4Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.

5Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

6University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Aloke V. Finn, CVPath Institute, Inc., 19 Firstfield Rd., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA. Phone: 301.208.3570; Email: afinn@cvpath.org.

Authorship note: AS and RK contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Guo, L. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1CVPath Institute, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

4Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.

5Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

6University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Aloke V. Finn, CVPath Institute, Inc., 19 Firstfield Rd., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA. Phone: 301.208.3570; Email: afinn@cvpath.org.

Authorship note: AS and RK contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Paek, K. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1CVPath Institute, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

4Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.

5Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

6University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Aloke V. Finn, CVPath Institute, Inc., 19 Firstfield Rd., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA. Phone: 301.208.3570; Email: afinn@cvpath.org.

Authorship note: AS and RK contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Mosquera, J. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1CVPath Institute, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

4Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.

5Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

6University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Aloke V. Finn, CVPath Institute, Inc., 19 Firstfield Rd., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA. Phone: 301.208.3570; Email: afinn@cvpath.org.

Authorship note: AS and RK contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Cornelissen, A. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1CVPath Institute, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

4Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.

5Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

6University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Aloke V. Finn, CVPath Institute, Inc., 19 Firstfield Rd., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA. Phone: 301.208.3570; Email: afinn@cvpath.org.

Authorship note: AS and RK contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Ghosh, S. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1CVPath Institute, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

4Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.

5Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

6University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Aloke V. Finn, CVPath Institute, Inc., 19 Firstfield Rd., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA. Phone: 301.208.3570; Email: afinn@cvpath.org.

Authorship note: AS and RK contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Kawai, K. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1CVPath Institute, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

4Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.

5Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

6University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Aloke V. Finn, CVPath Institute, Inc., 19 Firstfield Rd., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA. Phone: 301.208.3570; Email: afinn@cvpath.org.

Authorship note: AS and RK contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Konishi, T. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1CVPath Institute, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

4Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.

5Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

6University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Aloke V. Finn, CVPath Institute, Inc., 19 Firstfield Rd., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA. Phone: 301.208.3570; Email: afinn@cvpath.org.

Authorship note: AS and RK contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Fernandez, R. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1CVPath Institute, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

4Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.

5Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

6University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Aloke V. Finn, CVPath Institute, Inc., 19 Firstfield Rd., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA. Phone: 301.208.3570; Email: afinn@cvpath.org.

Authorship note: AS and RK contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Fuller, D. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1CVPath Institute, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

4Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.

5Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

6University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Aloke V. Finn, CVPath Institute, Inc., 19 Firstfield Rd., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA. Phone: 301.208.3570; Email: afinn@cvpath.org.

Authorship note: AS and RK contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Xu, W. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1CVPath Institute, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

4Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.

5Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

6University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Aloke V. Finn, CVPath Institute, Inc., 19 Firstfield Rd., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA. Phone: 301.208.3570; Email: afinn@cvpath.org.

Authorship note: AS and RK contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Vozenilek, A. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1CVPath Institute, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

4Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.

5Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

6University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Aloke V. Finn, CVPath Institute, Inc., 19 Firstfield Rd., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA. Phone: 301.208.3570; Email: afinn@cvpath.org.

Authorship note: AS and RK contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Sato, Y. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1CVPath Institute, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

4Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.

5Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

6University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Aloke V. Finn, CVPath Institute, Inc., 19 Firstfield Rd., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA. Phone: 301.208.3570; Email: afinn@cvpath.org.

Authorship note: AS and RK contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Jinnouchi, H. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1CVPath Institute, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

4Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.

5Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

6University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Aloke V. Finn, CVPath Institute, Inc., 19 Firstfield Rd., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA. Phone: 301.208.3570; Email: afinn@cvpath.org.

Authorship note: AS and RK contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Torii, S. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1CVPath Institute, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

4Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.

5Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

6University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Aloke V. Finn, CVPath Institute, Inc., 19 Firstfield Rd., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA. Phone: 301.208.3570; Email: afinn@cvpath.org.

Authorship note: AS and RK contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Turner, A. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1CVPath Institute, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

4Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.

5Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

6University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Aloke V. Finn, CVPath Institute, Inc., 19 Firstfield Rd., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA. Phone: 301.208.3570; Email: afinn@cvpath.org.

Authorship note: AS and RK contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Akahori, H. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1CVPath Institute, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

4Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.

5Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

6University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Aloke V. Finn, CVPath Institute, Inc., 19 Firstfield Rd., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA. Phone: 301.208.3570; Email: afinn@cvpath.org.

Authorship note: AS and RK contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Kuntz, S. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1CVPath Institute, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

4Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.

5Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

6University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Aloke V. Finn, CVPath Institute, Inc., 19 Firstfield Rd., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA. Phone: 301.208.3570; Email: afinn@cvpath.org.

Authorship note: AS and RK contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Weinkauf, C. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1CVPath Institute, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

4Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.

5Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

6University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Aloke V. Finn, CVPath Institute, Inc., 19 Firstfield Rd., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA. Phone: 301.208.3570; Email: afinn@cvpath.org.

Authorship note: AS and RK contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Lee, P. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1CVPath Institute, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

4Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.

5Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

6University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Aloke V. Finn, CVPath Institute, Inc., 19 Firstfield Rd., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA. Phone: 301.208.3570; Email: afinn@cvpath.org.

Authorship note: AS and RK contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Kutys, R. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1CVPath Institute, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

4Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.

5Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

6University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Aloke V. Finn, CVPath Institute, Inc., 19 Firstfield Rd., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA. Phone: 301.208.3570; Email: afinn@cvpath.org.

Authorship note: AS and RK contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Harris, K. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1CVPath Institute, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

4Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.

5Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

6University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Aloke V. Finn, CVPath Institute, Inc., 19 Firstfield Rd., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA. Phone: 301.208.3570; Email: afinn@cvpath.org.

Authorship note: AS and RK contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Killey, A. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1CVPath Institute, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

4Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.

5Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

6University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Aloke V. Finn, CVPath Institute, Inc., 19 Firstfield Rd., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA. Phone: 301.208.3570; Email: afinn@cvpath.org.

Authorship note: AS and RK contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Mayhew, C. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1CVPath Institute, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

4Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.

5Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

6University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Aloke V. Finn, CVPath Institute, Inc., 19 Firstfield Rd., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA. Phone: 301.208.3570; Email: afinn@cvpath.org.

Authorship note: AS and RK contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Ellis, M. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1CVPath Institute, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

4Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.

5Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

6University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Aloke V. Finn, CVPath Institute, Inc., 19 Firstfield Rd., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA. Phone: 301.208.3570; Email: afinn@cvpath.org.

Authorship note: AS and RK contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Weinstein, L. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1CVPath Institute, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

4Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.

5Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

6University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Aloke V. Finn, CVPath Institute, Inc., 19 Firstfield Rd., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA. Phone: 301.208.3570; Email: afinn@cvpath.org.

Authorship note: AS and RK contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Gadhoke, N. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1CVPath Institute, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

4Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.

5Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

6University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Aloke V. Finn, CVPath Institute, Inc., 19 Firstfield Rd., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA. Phone: 301.208.3570; Email: afinn@cvpath.org.

Authorship note: AS and RK contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Dhingra, R. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1CVPath Institute, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

4Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.

5Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

6University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Aloke V. Finn, CVPath Institute, Inc., 19 Firstfield Rd., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA. Phone: 301.208.3570; Email: afinn@cvpath.org.

Authorship note: AS and RK contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Ullman, J. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1CVPath Institute, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

4Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.

5Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

6University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Aloke V. Finn, CVPath Institute, Inc., 19 Firstfield Rd., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA. Phone: 301.208.3570; Email: afinn@cvpath.org.

Authorship note: AS and RK contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Dikongue, A. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1CVPath Institute, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

2Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.

4Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.

5Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.

6University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

Address correspondence to: Aloke V. Finn, CVPath Institute, Inc., 19 Firstfield Rd., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA. Phone: 301.208.3570; Email: afinn@cvpath.org.

Authorship note: AS and RK contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Romero, M. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

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