Research ArticleAIDS/HIVCOVID-19 Open Access | 10.1172/jci.insight.166848

Samuel R. Schnittman,1,2 Wonyeong Jung,3 Kathleen V. Fitch,2 Markella V. Zanni,2 Sara McCallum,2 Jessica Shih-Lu Lee,3 Sally Shin,3 Brandon J. Davis,3 Evelynne S. Fulda,2 Marissa R. Diggs,2 Francoise Giguel,4 Romina Chinchay,5 Anandi N. Sheth,6 Carl J. Fichtenbaum,7 Carlos Malvestutto,8 Judith A. Aberg,9 Judith Currier,10 Douglas A. Lauffenburger,11 Pamela S. Douglas,12 Heather J. Ribaudo,13 Galit Alter,3 and Steven K. Grinspoon2

1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and

2Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

3Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

4AIDS Clinical Trials Group Lab 01, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

5Houston AIDS Research Team, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.

6Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

7Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.

9Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.

11Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

12Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

13Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

Address correspondence to: Steven K. Grinspoon, Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St. 5lon207, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. Phone: 617.726.3890; Email: sgrinspoon@partners.org.

Authorship note: SRS and WJ contributed equally to this work. GA and SKG contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Schnittman, S. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and

2Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

3Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

4AIDS Clinical Trials Group Lab 01, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

5Houston AIDS Research Team, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.

6Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

7Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.

9Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.

11Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

12Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

13Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

Address correspondence to: Steven K. Grinspoon, Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St. 5lon207, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. Phone: 617.726.3890; Email: sgrinspoon@partners.org.

Authorship note: SRS and WJ contributed equally to this work. GA and SKG contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Jung, W. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and

2Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

3Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

4AIDS Clinical Trials Group Lab 01, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

5Houston AIDS Research Team, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.

6Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

7Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.

9Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.

11Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

12Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

13Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

Address correspondence to: Steven K. Grinspoon, Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St. 5lon207, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. Phone: 617.726.3890; Email: sgrinspoon@partners.org.

Authorship note: SRS and WJ contributed equally to this work. GA and SKG contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Fitch, K. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and

2Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

3Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

4AIDS Clinical Trials Group Lab 01, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

5Houston AIDS Research Team, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.

6Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

7Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.

9Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.

11Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

12Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

13Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

Address correspondence to: Steven K. Grinspoon, Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St. 5lon207, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. Phone: 617.726.3890; Email: sgrinspoon@partners.org.

Authorship note: SRS and WJ contributed equally to this work. GA and SKG contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Zanni, M. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and

2Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

3Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

4AIDS Clinical Trials Group Lab 01, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

5Houston AIDS Research Team, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.

6Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

7Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.

9Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.

11Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

12Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

13Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

Address correspondence to: Steven K. Grinspoon, Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St. 5lon207, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. Phone: 617.726.3890; Email: sgrinspoon@partners.org.

Authorship note: SRS and WJ contributed equally to this work. GA and SKG contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by McCallum, S. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and

2Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

3Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

4AIDS Clinical Trials Group Lab 01, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

5Houston AIDS Research Team, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.

6Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

7Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.

9Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.

11Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

12Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

13Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

Address correspondence to: Steven K. Grinspoon, Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St. 5lon207, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. Phone: 617.726.3890; Email: sgrinspoon@partners.org.

Authorship note: SRS and WJ contributed equally to this work. GA and SKG contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Lee, J. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and

2Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

3Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

4AIDS Clinical Trials Group Lab 01, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

5Houston AIDS Research Team, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.

6Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

7Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.

9Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.

11Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

12Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

13Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

Address correspondence to: Steven K. Grinspoon, Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St. 5lon207, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. Phone: 617.726.3890; Email: sgrinspoon@partners.org.

Authorship note: SRS and WJ contributed equally to this work. GA and SKG contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Shin, S. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and

2Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

3Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

4AIDS Clinical Trials Group Lab 01, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

5Houston AIDS Research Team, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.

6Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

7Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.

9Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.

11Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

12Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

13Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

Address correspondence to: Steven K. Grinspoon, Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St. 5lon207, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. Phone: 617.726.3890; Email: sgrinspoon@partners.org.

Authorship note: SRS and WJ contributed equally to this work. GA and SKG contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Davis, B. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and

2Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

3Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

4AIDS Clinical Trials Group Lab 01, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

5Houston AIDS Research Team, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.

6Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

7Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.

9Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.

11Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

12Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

13Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

Address correspondence to: Steven K. Grinspoon, Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St. 5lon207, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. Phone: 617.726.3890; Email: sgrinspoon@partners.org.

Authorship note: SRS and WJ contributed equally to this work. GA and SKG contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Fulda, E. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and

2Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

3Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

4AIDS Clinical Trials Group Lab 01, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

5Houston AIDS Research Team, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.

6Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

7Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.

9Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.

11Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

12Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

13Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

Address correspondence to: Steven K. Grinspoon, Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St. 5lon207, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. Phone: 617.726.3890; Email: sgrinspoon@partners.org.

Authorship note: SRS and WJ contributed equally to this work. GA and SKG contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Diggs, M. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and

2Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

3Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

4AIDS Clinical Trials Group Lab 01, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

5Houston AIDS Research Team, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.

6Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

7Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.

9Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.

11Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

12Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

13Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

Address correspondence to: Steven K. Grinspoon, Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St. 5lon207, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. Phone: 617.726.3890; Email: sgrinspoon@partners.org.

Authorship note: SRS and WJ contributed equally to this work. GA and SKG contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Giguel, F. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and

2Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

3Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

4AIDS Clinical Trials Group Lab 01, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

5Houston AIDS Research Team, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.

6Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

7Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.

9Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.

11Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

12Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

13Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

Address correspondence to: Steven K. Grinspoon, Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St. 5lon207, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. Phone: 617.726.3890; Email: sgrinspoon@partners.org.

Authorship note: SRS and WJ contributed equally to this work. GA and SKG contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Chinchay, R. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and

2Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

3Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

4AIDS Clinical Trials Group Lab 01, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

5Houston AIDS Research Team, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.

6Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

7Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.

9Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.

11Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

12Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

13Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

Address correspondence to: Steven K. Grinspoon, Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St. 5lon207, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. Phone: 617.726.3890; Email: sgrinspoon@partners.org.

Authorship note: SRS and WJ contributed equally to this work. GA and SKG contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Sheth, A. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and

2Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

3Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

4AIDS Clinical Trials Group Lab 01, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

5Houston AIDS Research Team, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.

6Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

7Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.

9Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.

11Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

12Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

13Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

Address correspondence to: Steven K. Grinspoon, Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St. 5lon207, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. Phone: 617.726.3890; Email: sgrinspoon@partners.org.

Authorship note: SRS and WJ contributed equally to this work. GA and SKG contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Fichtenbaum, C. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and

2Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

3Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

4AIDS Clinical Trials Group Lab 01, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

5Houston AIDS Research Team, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.

6Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

7Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.

9Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.

11Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

12Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

13Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

Address correspondence to: Steven K. Grinspoon, Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St. 5lon207, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. Phone: 617.726.3890; Email: sgrinspoon@partners.org.

Authorship note: SRS and WJ contributed equally to this work. GA and SKG contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Malvestutto, C. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and

2Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

3Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

4AIDS Clinical Trials Group Lab 01, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

5Houston AIDS Research Team, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.

6Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

7Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.

9Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.

11Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

12Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

13Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

Address correspondence to: Steven K. Grinspoon, Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St. 5lon207, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. Phone: 617.726.3890; Email: sgrinspoon@partners.org.

Authorship note: SRS and WJ contributed equally to this work. GA and SKG contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Aberg, J. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and

2Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

3Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

4AIDS Clinical Trials Group Lab 01, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

5Houston AIDS Research Team, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.

6Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

7Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.

9Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.

11Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

12Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

13Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

Address correspondence to: Steven K. Grinspoon, Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St. 5lon207, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. Phone: 617.726.3890; Email: sgrinspoon@partners.org.

Authorship note: SRS and WJ contributed equally to this work. GA and SKG contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Currier, J. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and

2Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

3Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

4AIDS Clinical Trials Group Lab 01, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

5Houston AIDS Research Team, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.

6Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

7Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.

9Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.

11Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

12Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

13Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

Address correspondence to: Steven K. Grinspoon, Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St. 5lon207, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. Phone: 617.726.3890; Email: sgrinspoon@partners.org.

Authorship note: SRS and WJ contributed equally to this work. GA and SKG contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Lauffenburger, D. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and

2Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

3Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

4AIDS Clinical Trials Group Lab 01, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

5Houston AIDS Research Team, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.

6Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

7Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.

9Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.

11Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

12Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

13Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

Address correspondence to: Steven K. Grinspoon, Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St. 5lon207, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. Phone: 617.726.3890; Email: sgrinspoon@partners.org.

Authorship note: SRS and WJ contributed equally to this work. GA and SKG contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Douglas, P. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and

2Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

3Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

4AIDS Clinical Trials Group Lab 01, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

5Houston AIDS Research Team, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.

6Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

7Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.

9Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.

11Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

12Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

13Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

Address correspondence to: Steven K. Grinspoon, Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St. 5lon207, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. Phone: 617.726.3890; Email: sgrinspoon@partners.org.

Authorship note: SRS and WJ contributed equally to this work. GA and SKG contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Ribaudo, H. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and

2Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

3Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

4AIDS Clinical Trials Group Lab 01, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

5Houston AIDS Research Team, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.

6Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

7Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

8Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.

9Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

10Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.

11Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

12Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

13Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

Address correspondence to: Steven K. Grinspoon, Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St. 5lon207, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. Phone: 617.726.3890; Email: sgrinspoon@partners.org.

Authorship note: SRS and WJ contributed equally to this work. GA and SKG contributed equally to this work.

Find articles by Alter, G. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and

2Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

3Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.

4AIDS Clinical Trials Group Lab 01, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

5Houston AIDS Research Team, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.

6Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlant