From the Division of Acute Care Surgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center (K.M.), Loma Linda; University of California Irvine Medical Center (S.D.S.), Irvine; Scripps Memorial La Jolla (G.T.), San Diego, California; Division of Trauma and Critical Care Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.C., K.L.H., S.K.A., G.K.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; The Mayo Clinic (B.K.), Rochester, Minnesota; University of California San Francisco—Fresno (K.L.K.), Fresno, California; Lehigh Valley Health Network (R.B.), Allentown, Pennsylvania; Stanford University Medical Center (K.S., L.M.K.), Palo Alto, California; University of Pennsylvania Medical Center (A.M.S.), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Nebraska Medical Center (Z.M.B.), Omaha, Nevada; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (S.E.B.), Lubbock, Texas; Massachusetts General Hospital (H.K.), Boston, Massachusetts; University of Florida College of Medicine (M.C.), Jacksonville, Florida; University of Utah Medical Center (R.N.), Salt Lake City, Utah; MetroHealth Cleveland Medical Center (J.J.C.), Cleveland, Ohio; Johns Hopkins Medical Center (E.R.H.), Baltimore, Maryland.

Submitted: June 6, 2022, Revised: October 10, 2022, Accepted: October 25, 2022, Published online: November 15, 2022.

This study was presented at the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma Annual Scientific Assembly, January 12, 2022, in Austin Texas, and the Chest Wall Injury Summit, April 28, 2022, in Park City, Utah.

Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text, and links to the digital files are provided in the HTML text of this article on the journal’s Web site (www.jtrauma.com).

Address for correspondence: George Kasotakis, MD, MPH, Division of Trauma and Critical Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC 2837, 2301 Erwin Rd, Durham, NC 27710; email: [email protected].