From the Salem Health Hospital (A.M.M.), Salem, Oregon; Oregon Health & Science University (A.M.M.), Portland, Oregon; Scripps Memorial Hospital La Jolla (W.L.B.), La Jolla, California; University of Calgary (C.G.B.), Calgary, Canada; Medical College of Wisconsin (M.d.M.), Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Oregon Health Science University (K.J.B.), Portland, Oregon; Dell Medical School (C.V.R.B.), University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; University of Kansas Medical Center (J.L.H.), Kansas City, Kansas; University of Southern California (K.I.), Los Angeles, California; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (E.J.L.), Los Angeles, California; Ernest E Moore Shock Trauma Center (E.E.M.), Denver, Colorado; Scripps Mercy Hospital (K.A.P.), San Diego, California; Guthrie Health System (A.G.R.), Sayre, Pennsylvania; Children's Hospital (N.G.R.), Cincinnati, Ohio; University of Pittsburgh (J.L.S.), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center (J.A.W.), Phoenix, Arizona; Riverside University Health System Medical Center (R.S.C.), Riverside, California; University of California (D.V.S.), Davis, Sacramento, California; and Keck School of Medicine (M.J.M.), Los Angeles, California.

Submitted: May 11, 2022, Revised: August 16, 2022, Accepted: September 6, 2022, Published online: November 18, 2022.

This study was presented at the 51st Annual Western Trauma Association Meeting, Big Sky, Montana, February 28, 2022.

Address for correspondence: Alexis M. Moren, MD, MPH, FACS, Department of Trauma, Critical Care and Acute Care Surgery, Salem Health, 890 Oak St SE, Salem, OR 97301; email: [email protected]; alternative emails: [email protected], [email protected].