From the Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery (D.V.S.), Davis Medical Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California; Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin (M.d.M.), Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Department of Surgery, Oregon Health Science University (K.J.B.), Portland, Oregon; Department of Surgery, Dell Medical School (C.V.R.B.), University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center (J.L.H.), Kansas City, Kansas; Department of Surgery, University of Southern California (K.I.), Los Angeles, California; Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (E.J.L.), Los Angeles, California; Department of Surgery, Ernest E Moore Shock Trauma Center (E.E.M.), Denver, Colorado; Department of Surgery, Scripps Mercy Hospital (K.A.P.), San Diego, California; Department of Surgery, Guthrie Health System (A.G.R.), Sayre, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital (N.G.R.), Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh (J.L.S.), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery, St. Joseph's Medical Center (J.A.W.), Phoenix, Arizona; Department of Surgery, Salem Health Hospital (A.M.M.), Salem, Oregon; Department of Surgery, Riverside University Health System Medical Center (R.C.), Riverside, California; Department of Surgery, University of Southern California (M.J.M.), Los Angeles, California.

Submitted: April 30, 2022, Revised: October 22, 2022, Accepted: October 25, 2022, Published online: November 18, 2022.

Thi sstudy was presented at the 51st Annual Western Trauma Association Meeting, February 24, 2022, in Big Sky, Montana.

Address for correspondence: David V. Shatz, MD, FACS, Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Davis Medical Center, University of California, 2335 Stockton Blvd, Room 5026, Sacramento, CA 95817; email: [email protected].