aDepartment of Health Law, Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA;

bCenter for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research (CHOIR), VA Bedford Healthcare System, Bedford, MA;

cSection of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA

dEvans Center for Implementation and Improvement Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA;

eCenter for Health Promotion and Health Equity, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI;

fDepartment of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI;

gDepartment of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI;

hSection of General Internal Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA;

iDivision of General Internal Medicine, Transgender Health Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA;

jDepartment of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI;

kThe Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, MA;

lDepartment of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA;

mDepartment of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA;

nUniversity of California Los Angeles Center for LGBTQ Advocacy, Research & Health, Los Angeles, CA;

oGeneral Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;

pDivision of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; and

qDepartment of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.

Correspondence to: Hill L. Wolfe, MPA, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118 (e-mail: [email protected]).

This study was supported by an award from the Providence/Boston Center for AIDS Research (CFAR) NIH/NIAID fund P30AI042853. Hill Wolfe is supported by National Institute of Drug Abuse grant (T32-DA041898). Jaclyn Hughto is also supported by COBRE on Opioids and Overdose funded by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Grant Number P20GM125507. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of the Department of Veterans Affairs, National Institutes of Health, the National Institute on Drug Abuse, or the United States Government.

The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

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