Giugliano RP, Ruff CT, Braunwald E, Murphy SA, Wiviott SD, Halperin JL, et al. Edoxaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(22):2093–104.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Granger CB, Alexander JH, McMurray JJ, Lopes RD, Hylek EM, Hanna M, et al. Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(11):981–92.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J, Pan G, Singer DE, Hacke W, et al. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(10):883–91.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vasanthamohan L, Boonyawat K, Chai-Adisaksopha C, Crowther M. Reduced-dose direct oral anticoagulants in the extended treatment of venous thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost. 2018;16(7):1288–95.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Foerster KI, Hermann S, Mikus G, Haefeli WE. Drug-drug interactions with direct oral anticoagulants. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2020;59(8):967–80.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Eikelboom JW, Connolly SJ, Bosch J, Dagenais GR, Hart RG, Shestakovska O, et al. Rivaroxaban with or without aspirin in stable cardiovascular disease. New Engl J Med. 2017;377(14):1319–30.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lixiana : EPAR - Product Information. https://www.emaeuropaeu/documents/product-information/lixiana-epar-product-information_en.pdf. 25/06/2020.

Eliquis : EPAR - Product Information. https://www.emaeuropaeu/documents/product-information/eliquis-epar-product-information_en.pdf. 07/10/2020.

Xarelto : EPAR - Product Information. https://www.emaeuropaeu/documents/product-information/xarelto-epar-product-information_en.pdf. 28/11/2019.

Rosian AN, Rosian SH, Kiss B, Stefan MG, Trifa AP, Ober CD, et al. Interindividual variability of apixaban plasma concentrations: influence of clinical and genetic factors in a real-life cohort of atrial fibrillation patients. Genes (Basel). 2020;11(4).

Gouin-Thibault I, Delavenne X, Blanchard A, Siguret V, Salem JE, Narjoz C, et al. Interindividual variability in dabigatran and rivaroxaban exposure: contribution of ABCB1 genetic polymorphisms and interaction with clarithromycin. J Thromb Haemost. 2017;15(2):273–83.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Testa S, Dellanoce C, Paoletti O, Cancellieri E, Morandini R, Tala M, et al. Edoxaban plasma levels in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation: inter and intra-individual variability, correlation with coagulation screening test and renal function. Thromb Res. 2019;175:61–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fuhr U, Jetter A, Kirchheiner J. Appropriate phenotyping procedures for drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters in humans and their simultaneous use in the "cocktail" approach. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007;81(2):270–83.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mikus G, Foerster KI, Schaumaeker M, Lehmann ML, Burhenne J, Haefeli WE. Microdosed cocktail of three oral factor Xa inhibitors to evaluate drug-drug interactions with potential perpetrator drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2019;58(9):1155–63.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Summary of product characteristics Eliquis. Bristol-Myers Squibb/Pfizer EEIG, United Kingdom. Availbale at https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/product-information/eliquis-epar-product-information_en.pdf. Accessed 27 Feb 2023

Mueck W, Kubitza D, Becka M. Co-administration of rivaroxaban with drugs that share its elimination pathways: pharmacokinetic effects in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;76(3):455–66.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fralick M, Juurlink DN, Marras T. Bleeding associated with coadministration of rivaroxaban and clarithromycin. CMAJ. 2016;188(9):669–72.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hill K, Sucha E, Rhodes E, Carrier M, Garg AX, Harel Z, et al. Risk of hospitalization with hemorrhage among older adults taking clarithromycin vs azithromycin and direct oral anticoagulants. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(8):1052–60.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Katzenmaier S, Markert C, Mikus G. Proposal of a new limited sampling strategy to predict CYP3A activity using a partial AUC of midazolam. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2010;66(11):1137–41.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Katzenmaier S, Markert C, Riedel KD, Burhenne J, Haefeli WE, Mikus G. Determining the time course of CYP3A inhibition by potent reversible and irreversible CYP3A inhibitors using A limited sampling strategy. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011;90(5):666–73.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Holm J, Mannheimer B, Malmstrom RE, Eliasson E, Lindh JD. Bleeding and thromboembolism due to drug-drug interactions with non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants-a Swedish, register-based cohort study in atrial fibrillation outpatients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2021;77(3):409–19.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Burhenne J, Halama B, Maurer M, Riedel KD, Hohmann N, Mikus G, et al. Quantification of femtomolar concentrations of the CYP3A substrate midazolam and its main metabolite 1'-hydroxymidazolam in human plasma using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2012;402(7):2439–50.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Foerster KI, Huppertz A, Muller OJ, Rizos T, Tilemann L, Haefeli WE, et al. Simultaneous quantification of direct oral anticoagulants currently used in anticoagulation therapy. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2018;148:238–44.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Garonzik S, Byon W, Myers E, Li X, Marchisin D, Murthy B. The effects of clarithromycin on the pharmacokinetics of apixaban in healthy volunteers: a single-sequence crossover study. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2019;19(6):561–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Parasrampuria DA, Mendell J, Shi M, Matsushima N, Zahir H, Truitt K. Edoxaban drug-drug interactions with ketoconazole, erythromycin, and cyclosporine. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2016;82(6):1591–600.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Frost CE, Byon W, Song Y, Wang J, Schuster AE, Boyd RA, et al. Effect of ketoconazole and diltiazem on the pharmacokinetics of apixaban, an oral direct factor Xa inhibitor. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;79(5):838–46.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cheong EJY, Ng DZW, Chin SY, Wang Z, Chan ECY. Application of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of rivaroxaban to prospective simulations of drug-drug-disease interactions with protein kinase inhibitors in cancer-associated venous thromboembolism. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2022;88(5):2267–83.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Evangelista EA, Kaspera R, Mokadam NA, Jones JP 3rd, Totah RA. Activity, inhibition, and induction of cytochrome P450 2 J2 in adult human primary cardiomyocytes. Drug Metab Dispos. 2013;41(12):2087–94.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhao T, Chen Y, Wang D, Wang L, Dong P, Zhao S, et al. Identifying the dominant contribution of human cytochrome P450 2 J2 to the metabolism of rivaroxaban, an oral anticoagulant. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2022;36(1):121–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang L, Zhang D, Raghavan N, Yao M, Ma L, Frost CE, et al. In vitro assessment of metabolic drug-drug interaction potential of apixaban through cytochrome P450 phenotyping, inhibition, and induction studies. Drug Metab Dispos. 2010;38(3):448–58.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Herink MC, Zhuo YF, Williams CD, DeLoughery TG. Clinical management of pharmacokinetic drug interactions with direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs). Drugs. 2019;79(15):1625–34.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chang SH, Chou IJ, Yeh YH, Chiou MJ, Wen MS, Kuo CT, et al. Association between use of non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants with and without concurrent medications and risk of major bleeding in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. JAMA. 2017;318(13):1250–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Harskamp RE, Teichert M, Lucassen WAM, van Weert H, Lopes RD. Impact of polypharmacy and p-glycoprotein- and CYP3A4-modulating drugs on safety and efficacy of oral anticoagulation therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2019;33(5):615–23.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li A, Li MK, Crowther M, Vazquez SR. Drug-drug interactions with direct oral anticoagulants associated with adverse events in the real world: a systematic review. Thromb Res. 2020;194:240–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gronich N, Stein N, Muszkat M. Association between use of pharmacokinetic-interacting drugs and effectiveness and safety of direct acting oral anticoagulants: nested case-control study. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2021;110(6):1526–36.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pham P, Schmidt S, Lesko L, Lip GYH, Brown JD. Association of oral anticoagulants and verapamil or diltiazem with adverse bleeding events in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and normal kidney function. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(4):e203593.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Moore KT, Vaidyanathan S, Natarajan J, Ariyawansa J, Haskell L, Turner KC. An open-label study to estimate the effect of steady-state erythromycin on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of a single dose of rivaroxaban in subjects with renal impairment and normal renal function. J Clin Pharmacol. 2014;54(12):1407–20.

Article  CAS  PubMed