Lenartova M, Tesinska B, Janatova T, Hrebicek O, Mysak J, Janata J, Najmanova L. The oral microbiome in periodontal health. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:629723.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wolf TG, Cagetti MG, Fisher J-M, Seeberger GK, Campus G. Non-communicable diseases and oral health: an overview. Front Oral Health. 2021;2:725460–725460.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hajishengallis G, Lamont RJ, Graves DT. The enduring importance of animal models in understanding periodontal disease. Virulence. 2015;6:229–35.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hajishengallis G, Lamont RJ. Polymicrobial communities in periodontal disease: their quasi-organismal nature and dialogue with the host. Periodontol. 2021;2000(86):210–30. This review discusses the concept of the ‘polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis’ (PSD) model of periodontal disease pathogenesis and its effect on dysregulated host inflammatory response.

Article  Google Scholar 

Xiao W, Li S, Pacios S, Wang Y, Graves DT. Bone remodeling under pathological conditions. Front Oral Biol. 2016;18:17–27.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hathaway-Schrader JD, Aartun JD, Poulides NA, Kuhn MB, McCormick BE, Chew ME, Huang E, Darveau RP, Westwater C, Novince CM. Commensal oral microbiota induces osteoimmunomodulatory effects separate from systemic microbiome in mice. JCI Insight. 2022;7:e140738.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Duan T, Du Y, Xing C, Wang HY, Wang RF. Toll-like receptor signaling and its role in cell-mediated immunity. Front Immunol. 2022;13:812774. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.812774.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Curtis MA, Diaz PI, Van Dyke TE. The role of the microbiota in periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000. 2020;83:14–25.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Payne MA, Hashim A, Alsam A, Joseph S, Aduse-Opoku J, Wade WG, Curtis MA. Horizontal and vertical transfer of oral microbial dysbiosis and periodontal disease. J Dent Res. 2019;98:1503–10. This study establishes cause-and-effect evident relationships through the transfer of bacteria from mice with periodontitis to healthy mice, which leads to the establishment of a dysbiotic community and initiation of the diseased phenotype.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xiao E, Mattos M, Vieira GHA, Chen S, Corrêa JD, Wu Y, Albiero ML, Bittinger K, Graves DT (2017) Diabetes enhances IL-17 expression and alters the oral microbiome to increase its pathogenicity. Cell Host Microbe 22:120–128.e124. This is the first study to demonstrate that diabetes contributes to formation of a pathogenic oral microbiota as demonstrated by transfer of bacteria from diabetic mice to germ-free mice compared to the transfer from normoglycemic to germ-free mice.

Şenel S. An overview of physical, microbiological and immune barriers of oral mucosa. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:7821.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zimmerman KA, Hopp K, Mrug M. Role of chemokines, innate and adaptive immunity. Cell Signal. 2020;73:109647.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pan W, Wang Q, Chen Q. The cytokine network involved in the host immune response to periodontitis. Int J Oral Sci. 2019;11:30.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Loos BG, Van Dyke TE. The role of inflammation and genetics in periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000. 2020;83:26–39.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ito H, Kifune T, Ishiyama M, Iwasa S, Takei H, Hasegawa T, Asano M, Shirakawa T. Effect of hypoxia on the expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand in periodontal ligament cells. J Oral Sci. 2018;60:544–51.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jurdziński KT, Potempa J, Grabiec AM. Epigenetic regulation of inflammation in periodontitis: cellular mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Clin Epigenetics. 2020;12:186.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Usui M, Onizuka S, Sato T, Kokabu S, Ariyoshi W, Nakashima K. Mechanism of alveolar bone destruction in periodontitis — periodontal bacteria and inflammation. Jpn Dent Sci Rev. 2021;57:201–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

de Morais EF, Pinheiro JC, Leite RB, Santos PPA, Barboza CAG, Freitas RA. Matrix metalloproteinase-8 levels in periodontal disease patients: a systematic review. J Periodontal Res. 2018;53:156–63.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Neupane SP, Virtej A, Myhren LE, Bull VH. Biomarkers common for inflammatory periodontal disease and depression: a systematic review. Brain Behav Immun Health. 2022;21:100450.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hajishengallis G, Hasturk H, Lambris JD; Contributing authors. C3-targeted therapy in periodontal disease: moving closer to the clinic. Trends Immunol 2021;42(10):856–864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2021.08.001. This clinical trial might represent a novel and transformative host-modulation therapy (C3-targeted intervention) warranting further investigation for the treatment of periodontitis.

Silva LM, Doyle AD, Greenwell-Wild T, et al. (2021) Fibrin is a critical regulator of neutrophil effector function at the oral mucosal barrier. Science 374:eabl5450. This study identifies fibrin as a critical immune regulator of oral mucosal barrier homeostasis, mediated by the local engagement and activation of neutrophils.

Yamamoto M, Aizawa R. Maintaining a protective state for human periodontal tissue. Periodontol 2000. 2021;86:142–56.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Polak D, Zigron A, Eli-Berchoer L, Shapira L, Nussbaum G. Myd88 plays a major role in the keratinocyte response to infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Periodontal Res. 2019;54:396–404.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Groeger S, Meyle J (2019) Oral Mucosal Epithelial Cells. Front Immunol 208

Jiang Y, Tsoi LC, Billi AC, Ward NL, Harms PW, Zeng C, Maverakis E, Kahlenberg JM, Gudjonsson JE. Cytokinocytes: the diverse contribution of keratinocytes to immune responses in skin. JCI Insight. 2020;5(20):e142067. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.142067.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mombelli A. Microbial colonization of the periodontal pocket and its significance for periodontal therapy. Periodontol 2000. 2018;76:85–96.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Williams DW, Greenwell-Wild T, Brenchley L, et al. Human oral mucosa cell atlas reveals a stromal-neutrophil axis regulating tissue immunity. Cell. 2021;184:4090-4104.e4015. This study is a resource characterizing the role of tissue stroma in regulating mucosal tissue homeostasis and disease pathogenesis utilizing single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Caetano AJ, Yianni V, Volponi A, Booth V, D'Agostino EM, Sharpe P Defining human mesenchymal and epithelial heterogeneity in response to oral inflammatory disease. eLife 2021;10:e62810. This study establishes an RNA reference map of the human oral mucosa in health and disease.

Hosokawa I, Hosokawa Y, Ozaki K, Yumoto H, Nakae H, Matsuo T. Proinflammatory effects of muramyldipeptide on human gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontal Res. 2010;45:193–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cavalla F, Letra A, Silva RM, Garlet GP. Determinants of periodontal/periapical lesion stability and progression. J Dent Res. 2020;100:29–36.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jiang Q, Zhao Y, Shui Y, Zhou X, Cheng L, Ren B, Chen Z, Li M. Interactions between neutrophils and periodontal pathogens in late-onset periodontitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021;11:627328–627328.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dong G, Song L, Tian C, Wang Y, Miao F, Zheng J, Lu C, Alsadun S, Graves DT. FOXO1 Regulates bacteria-induced neutrophil activity. Front Immunol. 2017;4(8):1088. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01088.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ko KI, Syverson AL, Kralik RM, Choi J, DerGarabedian BP, Chen C, Graves DT. Diabetes-induced NF-κB dysregulation in skeletal stem cells prevents resolution of inflammation. Diabetes. 2019;68:2095–106.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sun X, Gao J, Meng X, Lu X, Zhang L, Chen R. Polarized macrophages in periodontitis: characteristics, function, and molecular signaling. Front Immunol. 2021;12:763334–763334.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sharawi H, Heyman O, Mizraji G, Horev Y, Laviv A, Shapira L, Yona S, Hovav AH, Wilensky A. The prevalence of gingival dendritic cell subsets in periodontal patients. J Dent Res. 2021;100:1330–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Song L, Dong G, Guo L, Graves DT. The function of dendritic cells in modulating the host response. Mol Oral Microbiol. 2018;33:13–21.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hovav AH. Dendritic cells of the oral mucosa. Mucosal Immunol. 2014;7:27–37. This review demonstrates an overview of the phenotype and distribution of DCs in the oral mucosa is provided.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xiao W, Dong G, Pacios S, Alnammary M, Barger LA, Wang Y, Wu Y, Graves DT. FOXO1 deletion reduces dendritic cell function and enhances susceptibility to periodontitis. Am J Pathol. 2015;185:1085–93.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dong G, Wang Y, Xiao W, Pacios Pujado S, Xu F, Tian C, Xiao E, Choi Y, Graves DT. FOXO1 regulates dendritic cell activity through ICAM-1 and CCR7. J Immunol. 2015;194:3745–55.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Seidel A, Seidel CL, Weider M, Junker R, Gölz L, Schmetzer H. Influence of natural killer cells and natural killer T cells on periodontal disease: a systematic review of the current literature. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(24):9766. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249766.PMID:33371393;PMCID:PMC7767411.