Cabanillas B, Brehler AC, Novak N (2017) Atopic dermatitis phenotypes and the need for personalized medicine. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 17(4):309–315

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Weidinger S, Novak N (2016) Atopic dermatitis. Lancet 387(10023):1109–1122

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mei-Yen Yong A, Tay Y-K (2017) Atopic dermatitis: Racial and ethnic differences. Dermatol Clin 35(3):395–402

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Abuabara K et al (2018) The prevalence of atopic dermatitis beyond childhood: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Allergy 73(3):696–704

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kantor R, Silverberg JI (2017) Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 13(1):15–26

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cohen AJ et al (2017) Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the global burden of diseases study 2015. Lancet 389(10082):1907–1918

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu C et al (2019) Ambient particulate air pollution and daily mortality in 652 Cities. N Engl J Med 381(8):705–715

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Puri P et al (2017) Effects of air pollution on the skin: A review. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 83(4):415–423

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

USEPA (2016) NArAQS table. USEPA

Darby S et al (2005) Radon in homes and risk of lung cancer: collaborative analysis of individual data from 13 European case-control studies. BMJ 330(7485):223

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Turner MC et al (2020) Outdoor air pollution and cancer: An overview of the current evidence and public health recommendations. CA Cancer J Clin

Ahn K (2014) The role of air pollutants in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 134(5):993–9;discussion 1000

Paciência I et al (2016) A systematic review of evidence and implications of spatial and seasonal variations of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in indoor human environments. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 19(2):47–64

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Matsui EC, Abramson SL, Sandel MT (2016) Indoor environmental control practices and asthma management. Pediatrics 138(5)

Guarnieri M, Balmes JR (2014) Outdoor air pollution and asthma. Lancet 383(9928):1581–1592

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hendricks AJ, Eichenfield LF, Shi VY (2020) The impact of airborne pollution on atopic dermatitis: a literature review. Br J Dermatol 183(1):16–23

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ji H, Li XK (2016) Oxidative stress in atopic dermatitis. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2016:2721469

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dong YM et al (2019) Skin inflammation induced by ambient particulate matter in China. Sci Total Environ 682:364–373

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shin JW et al (2020) Resveratrol inhibits particulate matter-induced inflammatory responses in human keratinocytes. Int J Mol Sci 21(10)

Hyun YJ et al (2019) 3,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid protects human keratinocytes against environmental oxidative damage. J Funct Foods 52:430–441

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tsukahara H et al (2003) High levels of urinary pentosidine, an advanced glycation end product, in children with acute exacerbation of atopic dermatitis: relationship with oxidative stress. Metabolism 52(12):1601–1605

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tsukahara H et al (2003) Oxidative stress and altered antioxidant defenses in children with acute exacerbation of atopic dermatitis. Life Sci 72(22):2509–2516

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Niwa Y et al (2003) Protein oxidative damage in the stratum corneum: Evidence for a link between environmental oxidants and the changing prevalence and nature of atopic dermatitis in Japan. Br J Dermatol 149(2):248–254

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chung J, Oh SY, Shin YK (2009) Association of glutathione-S-transferase polymorphisms with atopic dermatitis risk in preschool age children. Clin Chem Lab Med 47(12):1475–1481

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Amin MN et al (2015) Effect of lipid peroxidation, antioxidants, macro minerals and trace elements on eczema. Arch Dermatol Res 307(7):617–623

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Song S et al (2013) Exposure to ambient ultrafine particles and urinary 8-hydroxyl-2-deoxyguanosine in children with and without eczema. Sci Total Environ 458–460:408–413

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sivaranjani N, Rao SV, Rajeev G (2013) Role of reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in atopic dermatitis. J Clin Diagn Res 7(12):2683–2685

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bertino L et al (2020) Oxidative stress and atopic dermatitis. Antioxidants (Basel) 9(3)

Choi H et al (2008) Curcumin attenuates cytochrome P450 induction in response to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin by ROS-dependently degrading AhR and ARNT. Cancer Sci 99(12):2518–2524

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wullaert A, Bonnet MC, Pasparakis M (2011) NF-κB in the regulation of epithelial homeostasis and inflammation. Cell Res 21(1):146–158

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cheng W et al (2021) Inhibition of inflammation-induced injury and cell migration by coelonin and militarine in PM(2.5)-exposed human lung alveolar epithelial A549 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 896:173931

Tsuji G et al (2011) An environmental contaminant, benzo(a)pyrene, induces oxidative stress-mediated interleukin-8 production in human keratinocytes via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathway. J Dermatol Sci 62(1):42–49

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jeong SH et al (2010) Up-regulation of TNF-alpha secretion by cigarette smoke is mediated by Egr-1 in HaCaT human keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol 19(8):e206–e212

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Orciani M et al (2017) T helper (Th)1, Th17 and Th2 imbalance in mesenchymal stem cells of adult patients with atopic dermatitis: at the origin of the problem. Br J Dermatol 176(6):1569–1576

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kruk J, Duchnik E (2014) Oxidative stress and skin diseases: possible role of physical activity. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 15(2):561–568

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Laudańska H, Reduta T, Szmitkowska D (2003) Evaluation of skin barrier function in allergic contact dermatitis and atopic dermatitis using method of the continuous TEWL measurement. Rocz Akad Med Bialymst 48:123–127

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Montero-Vilchez T et al (2021) Skin barrier function in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis: transepidermal water loss and temperature as useful tools to assess disease severity. J Clin Med 10(2)

Kelleher M et al (2015) Skin barrier dysfunction measured by transepidermal water loss at 2 days and 2 months predates and predicts atopic dermatitis at 1 year. J Allergy Clin Immunol 135(4):930–5.e1

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Horimukai K et al (2016) Transepidermal water loss measurement during infancy can predict the subsequent development of atopic dermatitis regardless of filaggrin mutations. Allergol Int 65(1):103–108

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pan TL et al (2015) The impact of urban particulate pollution on skin barrier function and the subsequent drug absorption. J Dermatol Sci 78(1):51–60

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Woo YR et al (2020) Air pollution and Atopic Dermatitis (AD): the impact of Particulate Matter (PM(10)) on an AD mouse-model. Int J Mol Sci 21(17)

Douwes J et al (2017) Determinants of hand dermatitis, urticaria and loss of skin barrier function in professional cleaners in New Zealand. Int J Occup Environ Health 23(2):110–119

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xian M et al (2016) Anionic surfactants and commercial detergents decrease tight junction barrier integrity in human keratinocytes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 138(3):890-893.e9

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang M et al (2019) Laundry detergents and detergent residue after rinsing directly disrupt tight junction barrier integrity in human bronchial epithelial cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 143(5):1892–1903

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McAleer MA, Irvine AD (2013) The multifunctional role of filaggrin in allergic skin disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 131(2):280–291

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Elias PM, Schmuth M (2009) Abnormal skin barrier in the etiopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 9(5):437–446

Article  CAS  PubMed