Li Z, Wu X, Leo PJ, Guzma L, Akkoc N, Breban M, et al. Polygenic risk scores have high diagnostic capacity in ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2021;80:1168–74.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu X, Wang G, Zhang L, Xu H. Genetics of Ankylosing Spondylitis – focusing on the ethnic difference between East Asia and Europe. Front Genet. 2021;12: 671682.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brown MA, Xu H, Li Z. Genetics and the axial spondyloarthritis spectrum. Rheumatology. 2020;59:iv58–iv66

Ritchlin C, Adamopoulos IE. Axial spondyloarthritis: new advances in diagnosis and management. BMJ. 2021;372: m4447.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sieper J, Poddubnyy D. Axial spondyloarthritis. Lancet (London, England). 2017;390:73–84.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Taurog JD, Chhabra A, Colbert RA. Ankylosing Spondylitis and Axial Spondyloarthritis. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:2563–74.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Lunteren M, Ez-Zaitouni Z, de Koning A, Dagfinrud H, Ramonda R, Jacobsson L, et al. In Early Axial Spondyloarthritis, Increasing Disease Activity Is Associated with Worsening of Health-related Quality of Life over Time. J Rheumatol. 2018;45:779–84.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu L, Yuan Y, Zhang S, Xu J, Zou J. Osteoimmunological insights into the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis. J Cell Physiol. 2021;236:6090–100.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bleil J, Maier R, Hempfing A, Sieper J, Appel H, Syrbe U. Granulation Tissue Eroding the Subchondral Bone Also Promotes New Bone Formation in Ankylosing Spondylitis. Arthritis & rheumatology. 2016;68:2456–65.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Li X, Chen S, Hu Z, Chen D, Wang J, Li Z, et al. Aberrant upregulation of CaSR promotes pathological new bone formation in ankylosing spondylitis. EMBO Mol Med. 2020;12: e12109.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pineault KM, Song JY, Kozloff KM, Lucas D, Wellik DM. Hox11 expressing regional skeletal stem cells are progenitors for osteoblasts, chondrocytes and adipocytes throughout life. Nat Commun. 2019;10:3168.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gong Y, Li Z, Zou S, Deng D, Lai P, Hu H, et al. Vangl2 limits chaperone-mediated autophagy to balance osteogenic differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells. Dev Cell. 2021;56:2103-20.e9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zheng G, Xie Z, Wang P, Li J, Li M, Cen S, et al. Enhanced osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in ankylosing spondylitis: a study based on a three-dimensional biomimetic environment. Cell Death Dis. 2019;10:350.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang Y, Chen Wg, Yang Sz, Qiu H, Hu X, Qiu Yy, et al. Up‐regulation of TβRIII facilitates the osteogenesis of supraspinous ligament‐derived fibroblasts from patients with ankylosing spondylitis. J Cell Mol Med. 2021;25:1613–23.

Zou YC, Yang XW, Yuan SG, Zhang P, Li YK. Celastrol inhibits prostaglandin E2-induced proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of fibroblasts isolated from ankylosing spondylitis hip tissues in vitro. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2016;10:933–48.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jiang N, Liu H-X, Liang H-Y, Feng X-H, Liu B-Y, Zhou Y-Y. Osteogenic differentiation characteristics of hip joint capsule fibroblasts obtained from patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Annals of Translational Medicine. 2021;9:331.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Takahashi K, Yamanaka S. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell. 2006;126:663–76.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Han X, Yu H, Huang D, Xu Y, Saadatpour A, Li X, et al. A molecular roadmap for induced multi-lineage trans-differentiation of fibroblasts by chemical combinations. Cell Res. 2017;27:386–401.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Piek E, Sleumer LS, van Someren EP, Heuver L, de Haan JR, de Grijs I, et al. Osteo-transcriptomics of human mesenchymal stem cells: accelerated gene expression and osteoblast differentiation induced by vitamin D reveals c-MYC as an enhancer of BMP2-induced osteogenesis. Bone. 2010;46:613–27.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang Y, Wu MH, Cheung MPL, Sham MH, Akiyama H, Chan D, et al. Reprogramming of Dermal Fibroblasts into Osteo-Chondrogenic Cells with Elevated Osteogenic Potency by Defined Transcription Factors. Stem Cell Reports. 2017;8:1587–99.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gabel S, Koncina E, Dorban G, Heurtaux T, Birck C, Glaab E, et al. Inflammation Promotes a Conversion of Astrocytes into Neural Progenitor Cells via NF-κB Activation. Mol Neurobiol. 2015;53:5041–55.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Koo BS, Oh JS, Park SY, Shin JH, Ahn GY, Lee S, et al. Tumour necrosis factor inhibitors slow radiographic progression in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: 18-year real-world evidence. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79:1327–32.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ji X, Wang Y, Hu Z, Ma Y, Man S, Li K, et al. Effectiveness of Subcutaneous Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors in Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Real-World Prospective Observational Cohort Study in China. Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:1476.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

van der Linden S, Valkenburg HA, Cats A. Evaluation of diagnostic criteria for ankylosing spondylitis. A proposal for modification of the New York criteria. Arthritis Rheum. 1984;27:361–8.

Mizoguchi F, Slowikowski K, Wei K, Marshall JL, Rao DA, Chang SK, et al. Functionally distinct disease-associated fibroblast subsets in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Commun. 2018;9:789.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ji Q, Zheng Y, Zhang G, Hu Y, Fan X, Hou Y, et al. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis reveals the progression of human osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019;78:100–10.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gonzalez-Rellan MJ, Fondevila MF, Fernandez U, Rodríguez A, Varela-Rey M, Veyrat-Durebex C, et al. O-GlcNAcylated p53 in the liver modulates hepatic glucose production. Nat Commun. 2021;12:5068.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li X, Wang J, Zhan Z, Li S, Zheng Z, Wang T, et al. Inflammation intensity-dependent expression of osteoinductive Wnt proteins is critical for ectopic new bone formation in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis & rheumatology. 2018;70:1056–70.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zou YC, Yang XW, Yuan SG, Zhang P, Ye YL, Li YK. Downregulation of dickkopf-1 enhances the proliferation and osteogenic potential of fibroblasts isolated from ankylosing spondylitis patients via the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway in vitro. Connect Tissue Res. 2016;57:200–11.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Indo Y, Takeshita S, Ishii K-A, Hoshii T, Aburatani H, Hirao A, et al. Metabolic regulation of osteoclast differentiation and function. J Bone Miner Res. 2013;28:2392–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chuang LSH, Ito Y. The multiple interactions of RUNX with the hippo-YAP pathway. Cells. 2021;10:2925.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Komori T. Roles of Runx2 in Skeletal Development. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;962:83–93.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bauer O, Sharir A, Kimura A, Hantisteanu S, Takeda S, Groner Y. Loss of osteoblast Runx3 produces severe congenital osteopenia. Mol Cell Biol. 2015;35:1097–109.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cohen CJ, Davidson C, Selmi C, Bowness P, Knight JC, Wordsworth BP, et al. RUNX3disruption of c-MYC binding and chromosomal looping involving genetic variants associated with ankylosing spondylitis upstream of the promoter. Front Genet. 2021;12: 741867.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xu H, Li Z, Wu J, Xing Q, Shi G, Li J, et al. IBI303, a biosimilar to adalimumab, for the treatment of patients with ankylosing spondylitis in China: a randomized, double-blind, phase 3 equivalence trial. Lancet Rheum. 2019;1:e35-43.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ranganathan V, Ciccia F, Zeng F, Sari I, Guggino G, Muralitharan J, et al. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor induces inflammation and predicts spinal progression in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis & rheumatology. 2017;69:1796–806.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

El-Zayadi AA, Jones EA, Churchman SM, Baboolal TG, Cuthbert RJ, El-Jawhari JJ, et al. Interleukin-22 drives the proliferation, migration and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells: a novel cytokine that could contribute to new bone formation in spondyloarthropathies. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2017;56:488–93.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Papagoras C, Chrysanthopoulou A, Mitsios A, Ntinopoulou M, Tsironidou V, Batsali AK, et al. IL-17A expressed on neutrophil extracellular traps promotes mesenchymal stem cell differentiation toward bone-forming cells in ankylosing spondylitis. Eur J Immunol. 2021;51:930–42.

Article  CAS  PubMed