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Competing interests

CIC has received research funding and/or consulting honoraria from AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC and Bayer AG. Dr. Costa was a fellow at the University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy during the time of this work is currently an employee of Janssen Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Connolly has received grant support and consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Javelin, and Daiichi Sankyo. Dr. Sharma has received grants from Bayer AG, Bristol Myers Squibb, and AstraZeneca and personal fees from Pfizer, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, and Bayer AG. Dr. Beyer-Westendorf has received grant support, lecture fees, and advisory board fees from Bayer AG and Daiichi Sankyo and grant support from Pfizer. Dr. Christoph is an employee and Dr. Lovelace is a former employee of AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals.