Obesity Paradox: Fact or Fiction?

Boutari C, Mantzoros CS. A 2022 update on the epidemiology of obesity and a call to action: as its twin COVID-19 pandemic appears to be receding, the obesity and dysmetabolism pandemic continues to rage on. Metabolism. 2022;133:155217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155217.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guh DP, Zhang W, Bansback N, Amarsi Z, Birmingham CL, Anis AH. The incidence of co-morbidities related to obesity and overweight: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:88. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-88.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Censin JC, Peters SAE, Bovijn J, Ferreira T, Pulit SL, Mägi R, et al. Causal relationships between obesity and the leading causes of death in women and men. PLoS Genet. 2019;15(10):e1008405. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1008405.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Karampela I, Chrysanthopoulou E, Christodoulatos GS, Dalamaga M. Is there an obesity paradox in critical illness? Epidemiologic and metabolic considerations. Curr Obes Rep. 2020;9(3):231–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-020-00394-x.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Weir CB, Jan A. BMI classification percentile and cut off points. 2022 Jun 27. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022.

Eknoyan G. Adolphe Quetelet (1796–1874)–The average man and indices of obesity. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23(1):47–51. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfm517.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

WHO. Obesity Fact Sheet (No.311). 2014.

Gallagher D, Heymsfield SB, Heo M, Jebb SA, Murgatroyd PR, Sakamoto Y. Healthy percentage body fat ranges: an approach for developing guidelines based on body mass index. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72(3):694–701. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/72.3.694.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wolfe RR. The underappreciated role of muscle in health and disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84(3):475–82. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/84.3.475.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Koliaki C, Liatis S, Dalamaga M, Kokkinos A. Sarcopenic obesity: epidemiologic evidence, pathophysiology, and therapeutic perspectives. Curr Obes Rep. 2019;8(4):458–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-019-00359-9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Donini LM, Busetto L, Bischoff SC, Cederholm T, Ballesteros-Pomar MD, Batsis JA, et al. Definition and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic obesity: ESPEN and EASO consensus statement. Obes Facts. 2022;15(3):321–35. https://doi.org/10.1159/000521241.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee DH, Keum N, Hu FB, Orav EJ, Rimm EB, Sun Q, et al. Development and validation of anthropometric prediction equations for lean body mass, fat mass and percent fat in adults using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2006. Br J Nutr. 2017;118(10):858–66. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007114517002665.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lavie CJ, Milani RV, Ventura HO. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: risk factor, paradox, and impact of weight loss. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(21):1925–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2008.12.068.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee DH, Giovannucci EL. The obesity paradox in cancer: epidemiologic insights and perspectives. Curr Nutr Rep. 2019;8(3):175–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-019-00280-6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Naderi N, Kleine CE, Park C, Hsiung JT, Soohoo M, Tantisattamo E, et al. Obesity paradox in advanced kidney disease: from bedside to the bench. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2018;61(2):168–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2018.07.001.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Spelta F, Fratta Pasini AM, Cazzoletti L, Ferrari M. Body weight and mortality in COPD: focus on the obesity paradox. Eat Weight Disord. 2018;23(1):15–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-017-0456-z.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Forlivesi S, Cappellari M, Bonetti B. Obesity paradox and stroke: a narrative review. Eat Weight Disord. 2021;26(2):417–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-020-00876-w.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zafrir B, Adir Y, Shehadeh W, Shteinberg M, Salman N, Amir O. The association between obesity, mortality and filling pressures in pulmonary hypertension patients; the “obesity paradox.” Respir Med. 2013;107(1):139–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2012.10.019.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fassio A, Idolazzi L, Rossini M, Gatti D, Adami G, Giollo A, et al. The obesity paradox and osteoporosis. Eat Weight Disord. 2018;23(3):293–302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-018-0505-2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Karampela I, Christodoulatos GS, Dalamaga M. The role of adipose tissue and adipokines in sepsis: inflammatory and metabolic considerations, and the obesity paradox. Curr Obes Rep. 2019;8(4):434–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-019-00360-2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Whitlock G, Lewington S, Sherliker P, Clarke R, Emberson J, Halsey J, et al. Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900 000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies. Lancet. 2009;373(9669):1083–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60318-4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aune D, Sen A, Prasad M, Norat T, Janszky I, Tonstad S, et al. BMI and all cause mortality: systematic review and non-linear dose-response meta-analysis of 230 cohort studies with 3.74 million deaths among 30.3 million participants. BMJ. 2016;353:i2156. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i2156.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Khan SS, Ning H, Wilkins JT, Allen N, Carnethon M, Berry JD, et al. Association of body mass index with lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease and compression of morbidity. JAMA Cardiol. 2018;3(4):280–7. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2018.0022.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Carbone S, Canada JM, Billingsley HE, Siddiqui MS, Elagizi A, Lavie CJ. Obesity paradox in cardiovascular disease: where do we stand? Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2019;15:89–100. https://doi.org/10.2147/vhrm.S168946.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

•• Vecchié A, Dallegri F, Carbone F, Bonaventura A, Liberale L, Portincasa P, et al. Obesity phenotypes and their paradoxical association with cardiovascular diseases. Eur J Intern Med. 2018;48:6–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2017.10.020. Evaluates the association of BMI with mortality and examines obesity phenotypes with different CV risk, aiding to the understanding of the obesity paradox.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ruiz JR, Sui X, Lobelo F, Morrow JR Jr, Jackson AW, Sjöström M, et al. Association between muscular strength and mortality in men: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2008;337(7661):a439. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a439.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim SA, Lim K, Lee JK, Kang D, Shin S. Metabolically healthy obesity and the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in a Korean population: a prospective cohort study. BMJ Open. 2021;11(9):e049063. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049063.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ortega FB, Lee DC, Katzmarzyk PT, Ruiz JR, Sui X, Church TS, et al. The intriguing metabolically healthy but obese phenotype: cardiovascular prognosis and role of fitness. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(5):389–97. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehs174.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kramer CK, Zinman B, Retnakaran R. Are metabolically healthy overweight and obesity benign conditions? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159(11):758–69. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-159-11-201312030-00008.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bray GA, Kim KK, Wilding JPH. Obesity: a chronic relapsing progressive disease process. A position statement of the World Obesity Federation. Obes Rev. 2017;18(7):715–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12551.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Norris T, Cole TJ, Bann D, Hamer M, Hardy R, Li L, et al. Duration of obesity exposure between ages 10 and 40 years and its relationship with cardiometabolic disease risk factors: a cohort study. PLoS Med. 2020;17(12):e1003387. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003387.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tobias DK. Addressing reverse causation bias in the obesity paradox is not “one size fits all.” Diabetes Care. 2017;40(8):1000–1. https://doi.org/10.2337/dci17-0010.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee EY, Lee YH, Yi SW, Shin SA, Yi JJ. BMI and all-cause mortality in normoglycemia, impaired fasting glucose, newly diagnosed diabetes, and prevalent diabetes: a cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(8):1026–33. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc16-1458.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Adams KF, Schatzkin A, Harris TB, Kipnis V, Mouw T, Ballard-Barbash R, et al. Overweight, obesity, and mortality in a large prospective cohort of persons 50 to 71 years old. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(8):763–78. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa055643.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ellis SG, Elliott J, Horrigan M, Raymond RE, Howell G. Low-normal or excessive body mass index: newly identified and powerful risk factors for death and other complications with percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol. 1996;78(6):642–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9149(96)00386-4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Diletti R, Garcia-Garcia HM, Bourantas C, Van Mieghem NM, van Geuns RJ, Muramatsu T, et al. Impact of body mass index on long-term clinical outcomes after second-generation drug eluting stent implantation: insights from the international global RESOLUTE program. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2015;85(6):952–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.25828.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Iakobishvili Z, Danicek V, Porter A, Assali AR, Battler A, Hasdai D. Is increased body mass index associated with a cardioprotective effect after ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction? Acute Card Care. 2006;8(2):95–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482940600768673.

Article  PubMed 

留言 (0)

沒有登入
gif