Departments of aEpidemiology; bMedicine; cGlobal Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA;

dKenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya;

eDepartment of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya;

fKenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; and

Departments of gBiostatistics; hPediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.

Correspondence to: Danae A. Black, MPH, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, UW Box #351619, Seattle, WA 98195 (e-mail: [email protected]).

D.A.B. is a Predoctoral Fellow funded by the NIH-supported University of Washington STD and AIDS Research Training Program under Award 5T32AI007140-44. D.A.B. is employed by Merative, a healthcare analytics company. Her work with Merative does not involve any products or competing products that play a role in this manuscript. The parent study was funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) under Award 5R01HD089850-05. For the remaining authors, no funding or conflicts of interest were declared.

Preliminary analyses were presented at the 10th International Workshop on HIV Pediatrics Conference; July 21, 2018; Amsterdam, the Netherlands, and the Inter-Center for AIDS Research Sub-Saharan Africa Symposium: February 1, 2019; Machakos, Kenya.

D.A.B. assisted with data collection, conducted data analysis, accessed and verified the data, and drafted the manuscript. G.C.J.-S. and D.W. obtained funding and conceptualized and designed the parent study. G.C.J.-S. and S.M.L. supervised and mentored D.A.B. and assisted in drafting the original manuscript. I.N.N. assisted with data curation and accessed and verified the data analysis. D.A.B., I.N.N., K.M.B.-S., C.W.M., C.M., J.A.Y.I., A.D.O., D.W., B.A.R., and G.C.J.-S. designed the data collection tools. A.D.O. coordinated the data collection. J.A.Y.I. provided administrative oversight. C.W.M. and C.M. coordinated the study implementation and provided operational oversight. B.A.R. provided guidance for data analysis. All authors have reviewed and approved the final manuscript.