Cabore JW, Karamagi HC, Kipruto HK, et al. COVID-19 in the 47 countries of the WHO African region: a modelling analysis of past trends and future patterns. Lancet Glob Heal. 2022;10:e1099–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00233-9.
Dowd JB, Andriano L, Brazel DM, et al. Demographic science aids in understanding the spread and fatality rates of COVID-19. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2020;117:9696–8. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2004911117.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Wamai RG, Hirsch JL, Van Damme W, et al. What could explain the lower COVID-19 burden in Africa despite considerable circulation of the SARS-CoV-2 virus? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18:8638. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168638.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Musa HH, Musa TH, Musa IH, et al. Addressing Africa’s pandemic puzzle: perspectives on COVID-19 transmission and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;102:483–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJID.2020.09.1456.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Adams J, MacKenzie MJ, Amegah AK, et al. The conundrum of low COVID-19 mortality burden in sub-Saharan Africa: myth or reality? Glob Heal Sci Pract. 2021;9:433–43. https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-21-00172.
Thenon N, Peyre M, Huc M, et al. COVID-19 in Africa: Underreporting, demographic effect, chaotic dynamics, and mitigation strategy impact. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022;16:e0010735. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PNTD.0010735.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Laxminarayan R, Van Boeckel T, Frost I, et al. The lancet infectious diseases commission on antimicrobial resistance: 6 years later. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20:e51-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30003-7.
Laxminarayan R, Duse A, Wattal C, et al. Antibiotic resistance: the need for global solutions. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13:1057–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70318-9.
Katale BZ, Misinzo G, Mshana SE, et al. Genetic diversity and risk factors for the transmission of antimicrobial resistance across human, animals and environmental compartments in East Africa: a review. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2020;9:127. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-020-00786-7.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Auta A, Hadi MA, Oga E, et al. Global access to antibiotics without prescription in community pharmacies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect. 2019;78:8–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2018.07.001.
Saleem Z, Hassali MA, Hashmi FK, et al. Antimicrobial dispensing practices and determinants of antimicrobial resistance: a qualitative study among community pharmacists in Pakistan. Fam Med Commun Heal. 2019;7: e000138. https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2019-000138.
Morgan DJ, Okeke IN, Laxminarayan R, et al. Non-prescription antimicrobial use worldwide: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11:692–701. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70054-8.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Monnet DL, Harbarth S. Will coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have an impact on antimicrobial resistance? Eurosurveillance. 2020;25:1. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.45.2001886.
Rafiq K, Nesar S, Anser H, et al. Self-medication in the COVID-19 pandemic: survival of the fittest. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1017/DMP.2021.173.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Afolabi S, Folorunso SO, Bunyula ZS, et al. Social listening: a thematic analysis of COVID-19 discussion on social media. medRxiv. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.25.20162040.
Arora A, Jha AK, Alat P, et al. Understanding coronaphobia. Asian J Psychiatr. 2020;54:102384. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AJP.2020.102384.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Rao SPN, Minckas N, Medvedev MM, et al. Small and sick newborn care during the COVID-19 pandemic: global survey and thematic analysis of healthcare providers’ voices and experiences. BMJ Glob Heal. 2021;6:e004347. https://doi.org/10.1136/BMJGH-2020-004347.
Zarocostas J. How to fight an infodemic. Lancet. 2020;395:676. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30461-X.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Arshad M, Mahmood SF, Khan M, et al. Covid-19, misinformation, and antimicrobial resistance. BMJ. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m4501.
Butler CC, Dorward J, Yu L-M, et al. Azithromycin for community treatment of suspected COVID-19 in people at increased risk of an adverse clinical course in the UK (PRINCIPLE): a randomised, controlled, open-label, adaptive platform trial. Lancet. 2021;397:1063–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00461-X.
Erku DA, Belachew SA, Abrha S, et al. When fear and misinformation go viral: pharmacists’ role in deterring medication misinformation during the ‘infodemic’ surrounding COVID-19. Res Soc Adm Pharm. 2021;17:1954–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SAPHARM.2020.04.032.
Okereke M, Ukor NA, Ngaruiya LM, et al. COVID-19 misinformation and Infodemic in Rural Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2021;104:453–6. https://doi.org/10.4269/AJTMH.20-1488.
Rutta E, Senauer K, Johnson K, et al. Creating a new class of pharmaceutical services provider for underserved areas: the Tanzania accredited drug dispensing outlet experience. Prog Commun Heal Partnersh Res Educ Action. 2009;3:145–53. https://doi.org/10.1353/cpr.0.0063.
Embrey M, Mbwasi R, Shekalaghe E, et al. National Health insurance fund’s relationship to retail drug outlets: a Tanzania case study. J Pharm Policy Pract. 2021;14:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/S40545-021-00303-0.
Chalker JC, Vialle-Valentin C, Liana J, et al. What roles do accredited drug dispensing outlets in Tanzania play in facilitating access to antimicrobials? Results of a multi-method analysis. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2015;4:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/S13756-015-0075-2.
Mayora C, Kitutu FE, Kandala N-B, et al. Private retail drug shops: what they are, how they operate, and implications for health care delivery in rural Uganda. BMC Heal Serv Res. 2018;18:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12913-018-3343-Z.
Awor P, Wamani H, Bwire G, et al. Private sector drug shops in integrated community case management of malaria, pneumonia, and diarrhea in children in Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012;87:92–6. https://doi.org/10.4269/AJTMH.2012.11-0791.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Konde-Lule J, Gitta SN, Lindfors A, et al. Private and public health care in rural areas of Uganda. BMC Int Heal Hum Rights. 2010;10:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-698X-10-29.
Bagonza A, Peterson S, Mårtensson A, et al. Regulatory inspection of registered private drug shops in east-central Uganda: what it is versus what it should be: a qualitative study. J Pharm Policy Pract. 2020;13:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/S40545-020-00265-9/METRICS.
Goodman C, Kachur SP, Abdulla S, et al. Drug shop regulation and malaria treatment in Tanzania: why do shops break the rules, and does it matter? Health Policy Plan. 2007;22:393–403. https://doi.org/10.1093/HEAPOL/CZM033.
Mbonye AK, Buregyeya E, Rutebemberwa E, et al. Prescription for antibiotics at drug shops and strategies to improve quality of care and patient safety: a cross-sectional survey in the private sector in Uganda. BMJ Open. 2016;6:e010632. https://doi.org/10.1136/BMJOPEN-2015-010632.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ndaki PM, Mushi MF, Mwanga JR, et al. Dispensing antibiotics without prescription at community pharmacies and accredited drug dispensing outlets in Tanzania: a cross-sectional study. Antibiotics. 2021;10:1025. https://doi.org/10.3390/ANTIBIOTICS10081025.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Horumpende PG, Sonda TB, van Zwetselaar M, et al. Prescription and non-prescription antibiotic dispensing practices in part I and part II pharmacies in Moshi Municipality, Kilimanjaro Region in Tanzania: a simulated clients approach. PLoS ONE. 2018;13:e0207465. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0207465.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ministry of Health. Uganda clinical guidelines. Kampala, Uganda: 2012.
Ndaki PM, Mushi MF, Mwanga JR, et al. Non-prescription antibiotics dispensing practices in community and accredited drug dispensing outlets in Tanzania: A simulated clients approach. TBA 2022.
Asiimwe BB, Kiiru J, Mshana SE, et al. Protocol for an interdisciplinary cross-sectional study investigating the social, biological and community-level drivers of antimicrobial resistance (AMR): holistic approach to unravel antibacterial resistance in East Africa (HATUA). BMJ Open. 2021;11:e041418. https://doi.org/10.1136/BMJOPEN-2020-041418.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kuiper G. Emotional risk assessments in the field: Leaving Tanzania during the COVID-19 pandemic: https://doi.org/10.1177/14661381211002856 Published Online First: 17 March 2021. https://doi.org/10.1177/14661381211002856
Makoni M. Tanzania refuses COVID-19 vaccines. Lancet. 2021;397:566. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00362-7.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Buguzi S. Covid-19: counting the cost of denial in Tanzania. BMJ. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1136/BMJ.N1052.
Islam N, Sharp SJ, Chowell G, et al. Physical distancing interventions and incidence of coronavirus disease 2019: natural experiment in 149 countries. BMJ. 2020;370:2743. https://doi.org/10.1136/BMJ.M2743.
Aanensen DM, Huntley DM, Feil EJ, et al. EpiCollect: linking smartphones to web applications for epidemiology, ecology and community data collection. PLoS ONE. 2009;4:e6968. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0006968.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Amaratunge S, Harrison M, Perry D, et al. Assessing the reporting quality of simulated patient studies in pharmacy research using a novel checklist (CRiSP). Res Soc Adm Pharm. 2022;18:2301
留言 (0)