Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: Cancer J Clinic 2018;68(6):394–424.

Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics. CA: Cancer J Clinic. 2016;66(1):7–30.

Google Scholar 

Cibas ES, Ali SZ. The 2017 Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology. Thyroid. 2017;27(11):1341–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bongiovanni M, Spitale A, Faquin WC, Mazzucchelli L, Baloch ZW. The Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology: a meta-analysis. Acta Cytol. 2012;56(4):333–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Patel KN, Angell TE, Babiarz J, Barth NM, Blevins T, Duh Q-Y, et al. Performance of a genomic sequencing classifier for the preoperative diagnosis of cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules. JAMA Surg. 2018;153(9):817–24.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lupo MA, Walts AE, Sistrunk JW, Giordano TJ, Sadow PM, Massoll N, et al. Multiplatform molecular test performance in indeterminate thyroid nodules. Diagnostic Cytopathol. 2020;48(12):1254.

Article  Google Scholar 

Nikiforova MN, Mercurio S, Wald AI, Barbi de Moura M, Callenberg K, Santana-Santos L, et al. Analytical performance of the ThyroSeq v3 genomic classifier for cancer diagnosis in thyroid nodules. Cancer. 2018;124(8):1682–90.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Steward DL, Carty SE, Sippel RS, Yang SP, Sosa JA, Sipos JA, et al. Performance of a multigene genomic classifier in thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology: a prospective blinded multicenter study. JAMA Oncol. 2019;5(2):204–12.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nikiforov YE. Molecular analysis of thyroid tumors. Mod Pathol. 2011;24(S2):S34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nikiforov YE, Ohori NP, Hodak SP, Carty SE, LeBeau SO, Ferris RL, et al. Impact of mutational testing on the diagnosis and management of patients with cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules: a prospective analysis of 1056 FNA samples. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(11):3390–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Clinkscales W, Ong A, Nguyen S, Harruff EE, Gillespie MB. Diagnostic value of RAS mutations in indeterminate thyroid nodules: systematic review and meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017;156(3):472–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Marotta V, Bifulco M, Vitale M. Significance of RAS mutations in thyroid benign nodules and non-medullary thyroid cancer. Cancers. 2021;13(15):3785.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nikiforov YE, Baloch ZW. Clinical validation of the ThyroSeq v3 genomic classifier in thyroid nodules with indeterminate FNA cytology. Cancer Cytopathol. 2019;127(4):225–30.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, Doherty GM, Mandel SJ, Nikiforov YE, et al. 2015 American thyroid association management guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: the American thyroid association guidelines task force on thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2016;26(1):1–133.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lloyd R, Osamura R, Kloppel G, Rosai J. Tumours of the thyroid gland. World health organization classification of tumours of endocrine organs. USA: IARC; 2017.

Google Scholar 

Howell GM, Hodak SP, Yip L. RAS mutations in thyroid cancer. Oncologist. 2013;18(8):926–32.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Anderson NG, Maller JL, Tonks NK, Sturgill TW. Requirement for integration of signals from two distinct phosphorylation pathways for activation of MAP kinase. Nature. 1990;343(6259):651–3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Esapa CT, Johnson SJ, Kendall-Taylor P, Lennard TW, Harris PE. Prevalence of Ras mutations in thyroid neoplasia. Clin Endocrinol. 1999;50(4):529–35.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Soares P, Póvoa AA, Melo M, Vinagre J, Máximo V, Eloy C, et al. Molecular pathology of non-familial follicular epithelial–derived thyroid cancer in adults: from RAS/BRAF-like tumor designations to molecular risk stratification. Endocr Pathol. 2021;32(1):44–62.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bos JL. Ras oncogenes in human cancer: a review. Can Res. 1989;49(17):4682–9.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Malumbres M, Barbacid M. RAS oncogenes: the first 30 years. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003;3(6):459–65.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cantara S, Capezzone M, Marchisotta S, Capuano S, Busonero G, Toti P, et al. Impact of proto-oncogene mutation detection in cytological specimens from thyroid nodules improves the diagnostic accuracy of cytology. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(3):1365–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Patel SG, Carty SE, McCoy KL, Ohori NP, LeBeau SO, Seethala RR, et al. Preoperative detection of RAS mutation may guide extent of thyroidectomy. Surgery. 2017;161(1):168–75.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fagin JA, Matsuo K, Karmakar A, Chen DL, Tang S-H, Koeffler HP. High prevalence of mutations of the p53 gene in poorly differentiated human thyroid carcinomas. J Clin Investig. 1993;91(1):179–84.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Garcia-Rostan G, Tallini G, Herrero A, Thomas G, Carcangiu ML, Rimm DL. Frequent mutation and nuclear localization of β-catenin in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Can Res. 1999;59(8):1811–5.

CAS  Google Scholar 

García-Rostán G, Costa AM, Pereira-Castro I, Salvatore G, Hernandez R, Hermsem MJ, et al. Mutation of the PIK3CA gene in anaplastic thyroid cancer. Can Res. 2005;65(22):10199–207.

Article  Google Scholar 

Yip L, Nikiforova MN, Yoo JY, McCoy KL, Stang MT, Armstrong MJ, et al. Tumor genotype determines phenotype and disease-related outcomes in thyroid cancer: a study of 1510 patients. Ann Surg. 2015;262(3):519.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gupta N, Dasyam AK, Carty SE, Nikiforova MN, Ohori NP, Armstrong M, et al. RAS mutations in thyroid FNA specimens are highly predictive of predominantly low-risk follicular-pattern cancers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(5):E914–22.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guan H, Toraldo G, Cerda S, Godley FA, Rao SR, McAneny D, et al. Utilities of RAS mutations in preoperative fine needle biopsies for decision making for thyroid nodule management: results from a single-center prospective cohort. Thyroid. 2020;30(4):536–47.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar