World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight. Accessed 2021.
Meldrum DR, Morris MA, Gambone JC. Obesity pandemic: causes, consequences, and solutions—but do we have the will? Fertil Steril. 2017;107(4):833–9.
The Lancet Gastroenterology and Hepatology. Obesity: another ongoing pandemic. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology: Editorial. 2021;6(6):411.
Bray GA, Kim KK, Wilding JPH. Obesity: a chronic relapsing progressive disease process. A position statement of the World Obesity Federation. Obes Rev 2017, 18(7):715–723.
Lauby-Secretan B, Scoccianti C, Loomis D, Grosse Y, Bianchini F, Straif K. International Agency for Research on Cancer Handbook Working G: Body fatness and cancer—viewpoint of the IARC Working Group. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(8):794–8.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Singh GM, Danaei G, Farzadfar F, Stevens GA, Woodward M, Wormser D, Kaptoge S, Whitlock G, Qiao Q, Lewington S, et al. The age-specific quantitative effects of metabolic risk factors on cardiovascular diseases and diabetes: a pooled analysis. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(7):e65174–e65174.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hruby A, Hu FB. The epidemiology of obesity: a big picture. Pharmacoeconomics. 2015;33(7):673–89.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Blüher M. Obesity: global epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2019;15(5):288–98.
Puhl RM, Heuer CA. Obesity stigma: important considerations for public health. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(6):1019–28.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Emmer C, Bosnjak M, Mata J. The association between weight stigma and mental health: a meta-analysis. Obesity Reviews 2020, 21(1):e12935. A meta-analysis of 105 studies published up to 2019 found a medium to large negative association between weight stigma and mental health. There was a lot of heterogeneity in effect size between studies, with further research needed to explain this.
Sutin AR, Stephan Y, Terracciano A. Weight discrimination and risk of mortality. Psychol Sci. 2015;26(11):1803–11.
Tsenkova VK, Carr D, Schoeller DA, Ryff CD. Perceived weight discrimination amplifies the link between central adiposity and nondiabetic glycemic control (HbA1c). Ann Behav Med. 2011;41(2):243–51.
Carr D, Friedman MA. Is obesity stigmatizing? Body weight, perceived discrimination, and psychological well-being in the United States. J Health Soc Behav. 2005;46(3):244–59.
Berthoud H-R, Münzberg H, Morrison CD. Blaming the brain for obesity: integration of hedonic and homeostatic mechanisms. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(7):1728–38.
Locke AE, Kahali B, Berndt SI, Justice AE, Pers TH, Day FR, Powell C, Vedantam S, Buchkovich ML, Yang J, et al. Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obesity biology. Nature. 2015;518(7538):197–206.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Baqai N, Wilding JPH. Pathophysiology and aetiology of obesity. Medicine. 2015;43(2):73–6.
Thaker VV. Genetic and epigenetic causes of obesity. Adolesc Med State Art Rev. 2017;28(2):379–405.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Waalen J. The genetics of human obesity. Transl Res. 2014;164(4):293–301.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Fawcett KA, Barroso I. The genetics of obesity: FTO leads the way. Trends in genetics : TIG. 2010;26(6):266–74.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Albuquerque D, Nóbrega C, Manco L, Padez C. The contribution of genetics and environment to obesity. Br Med Bull. 2017;123(1):159–73.
Barsh GS, Farooqi IS, O’Rahilly S. Genetics of body-weight regulation. Nature. 2000;404(6778):644–51.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Fall T, Mendelson M, Speliotes EK. Recent advances in human genetics and epigenetics of adiposity: pathway to precision medicine? Gastroenterology. 2017;152(7):1695–706.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Lakka H-M, Bouchard C. Chapter 3 — etiology of obesity. In: Surgical management of obesity. edn. Edited by Buchwald H, Cowan GSM, Pories WJ. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 2007: 18–28.
Cohen DA. Neurophysiological pathways to obesity: below awareness and beyond individual control. Diabetes. 2008;57(7):1768–73.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Vartanian LR, Smyth JM. Primum non nocere: obesity stigma and public health. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry. 2013;10(1):49–57.
Dansinger ML, Gleason JA, Griffith JL, Selker HP, Schaefer EJ. Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2005;293(1):43–53.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Swinburn BA, Sacks G, Hall KD, McPherson K, Finegood DT, Moodie ML, Gortmaker SL. The global obesity pandemic: shaped by global drivers and local environments. Lancet. 2011;378(9793):804–14.
Malik VS, Willett WC, Hu FB. Global obesity: trends, risk factors and policy implications. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2013;9(1):13–27.
Andreyeva T, Blumenthal DM, Schwartz MB, Long MW, Brownell KD. Availability and prices of foods across stores and neighborhoods: the case of New Haven. Connecticut Health Aff (Millwood). 2008;27(5):1381–8.
Booth KM, Pinkston MM, Poston WS. Obesity and the built environment. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105(5 Suppl 1):S110-117.
Sallis JF, Saelens BE, Frank LD, Conway TL, Slymen DJ, Cain KL, Chapman JE, Kerr J. Neighborhood built environment and income: examining multiple health outcomes. Soc Sci Med. 2009;68(7):1285–93.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Brownson RC, Boehmer TK, Luke DA. Declining rates of physical activity in the United States: what are the contributors? Annu Rev Public Health. 2004;26(1):421–43.
Church T, Martin CK. The obesity epidemic: a consequence of reduced energy expenditure and the uncoupling of energy intake? Obesity. 2018;26(1):14–6.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Parry S, Straker L. The contribution of office work to sedentary behaviour associated risk. BMC Public Health. 2013;13(1):296.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Healy GN, Wijndaele K, Dunstan DW, Shaw JE, Salmon J, Zimmet PZ, Owen N. Objectively measured sedentary time, physical activity, and metabolic risk. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(2):369.
Healy GN, Dunstan DW, Salmon J, Cerin E, Shaw JE, Zimmet PZ, Owen N. Breaks in sedentary time: beneficial associations with metabolic risk. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(4):661–6.
Chaput JP, Klingenberg L, Astrup A, Sjödin AM. Modern sedentary activities promote overconsumption of food in our current obesogenic environment. Obes Rev. 2011;12(5):e12–20.
Finkelstein EA, Ruhm CJ, Kosa KM. Economic causes and consequences of obesity. Annu Rev Public Health. 2005;26:239–57.
Pancrazi R, van Rens T, Vukotic M. How distorted food prices discourage a healthy diet. Science Advances. 2022;8(13).
Vasileska A, Rechkoska G. Global and regional food consumption patterns and trends. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2012;44:363–9.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Trends in intake of energy and macronutrients—United States, 1971–2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004;53(4):80–2.
Putnam J, Allshouse J, Kantor LS. US per capita food supply trends: more calories, refined carbohydrates, and fats. Food Review. 2002;25(3):2–15.
Nielsen SJ, Popkin BM. Patterns and trends in food portion sizes, 1977–1998. JAMA. 2003;289(4):450–3.
Young LR, Nestle M. The contribution of expanding portion sizes to the US obesity epidemic. Am J Public Health. 2002;92(2):246–9.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Chan RS, Woo J. Prevention of overweight and obesity: how effective is the current public health approach. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2010;7(3):765–83.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sassi F, Devaux M, Cecchini M, Rusticelli E. The obesity epidemic: analysis of past and projected future trends in selected OECD countries. OECD Health Working Papers No. 45. In: OECD Health Working Papers No 45. France: OECD. 2009:82.
留言 (0)