Johnstone, R. M., Mathew, A., Mason, A. B. & Teng, K. Exosome formation during maturation of mammalian and avian reticulocytes: evidence that exosome release is a major route for externalization of obsolete membrane proteins. J. Cell Physiol. 147, 27–36 (1991).
Pan, B. T., Teng, K., Wu, C., Adam, M. & Johnstone, R. M. Electron microscopic evidence for externalization of the transferrin receptor in vesicular form in sheep reticulocytes. J. Cell Biol. 101, 942–948 (1985).
Harding, C., Heuser, J. & Stahl, P. Endocytosis and intracellular processing of transferrin and colloidal gold-transferrin in rat reticulocytes: demonstration of a pathway for receptor shedding. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 35, 256–263 (1984).
van Niel, G. et al. Challenges and directions in studying cell–cell communication by extracellular vesicles. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 23, 369–382 (2022).
Maas, S. L. N., Breakefield, X. O. & Weaver, A. M. Extracellular vesicles: unique intercellular delivery vehicles. Trends Cell Biol. 27, 172–188 (2017).
van Niel, G., D’Angelo, G. & Raposo, G. Shedding light on the cell biology of extracellular vesicles. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 19, 213–228 (2018).
Raposo, G. & Stoorvogel, W. Extracellular vesicles: exosomes, microvesicles, and friends. J. Cell Biol. 200, 373–383 (2013).
Ma, L. et al. Discovery of the migrasome, an organelle mediating release of cytoplasmic contents during cell migration. Cell Res. 25, 24–38 (2015). This work reveals the presence of bulges containing internal vesicles along the retraction fibres of migrating cells. These structures, termed ‘migrasomes’, are released into the extracellular space as a type of large EV.
Atkin-Smith, G. K. et al. A novel mechanism of generating extracellular vesicles during apoptosis via a beads-on-a-string membrane structure. Nat. Commun. 6, 7439 (2015).
Théry, C. et al. Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines. J. Extracell. Vesicles 7, 1535750 (2018).
Sung, B. H., Ketova, T., Hoshino, D., Zijlstra, A. & Weaver, A. M. Directional cell movement through tissues is controlled by exosome secretion. Nat. Commun. 6, 7164 (2015).
Sinha, S. et al. Cortactin promotes exosome secretion by controlling branched actin dynamics. J. Cell Biol. 214, 197–213 (2016).
DeRita, R. M. et al. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles require β1 integrins to promote anchorage-independent growth. iScience 14, 199–209 (2019).
Kia, V., Mortazavi, Y., Paryan, M., Biglari, A. & Mohammadi-Yeganeh, S. Exosomal miRNAs from highly metastatic cells can induce metastasis in non-metastatic cells. Life Sci. 220, 162–168 (2019).
Kriebel, P. W. et al. Extracellular vesicles direct migration by synthesizing and releasing chemotactic signals. J. Cell Biol. 217, 2891–2910 (2018).
French, K. C., Antonyak, M. A. & Cerione, R. A. Extracellular vesicle docking at the cellular port: extracellular vesicle binding and uptake. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 67, 48–55 (2017).
Mathieu, M., Martin-Jaular, L., Lavieu, G. & Thery, C. Specificities of secretion and uptake of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles for cell-to-cell communication. Nat. Cell Biol. 21, 9–17 (2019).
Schwager, S. C. & Reinhart-King, C. A. Mechanobiology of microvesicle release, uptake, and microvesicle-mediated activation. Curr. Top. Membr. 86, 255–278 (2020).
Henne, W. M., Buchkovich, N. J. & Emr, S. D. The ESCRT pathway. Dev. Cell 21, 77–91 (2011).
Jackson, C. E., Scruggs, B. S., Schaffer, J. E. & Hanson, P. I. Effects of inhibiting VPS4 support a general role for ESCRTs in extracellular vesicle biogenesis. Biophys. J. 113, 1342–1352 (2017).
Raiborg, C. & Stenmark, H. The ESCRT machinery in endosomal sorting of ubiquitylated membrane proteins. Nature 458, 445–452 (2009).
Raiborg, C. et al. Hrs sorts ubiquitinated proteins into clathrin-coated microdomains of early endosomes. Nat. Cell Biol. 4, 394–398 (2002).
Katzmann, D. J., Odorizzi, G. & Emr, S. D. Receptor downregulation and multivesicular-body sorting. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 3, 893–905 (2002).
Raiborg, C., Bache, K. G., Mehlum, A., Stang, E. & Stenmark, H. Hrs recruits clathrin to early endosomes. EMBO J. 20, 5008–5021 (2001).
Raiborg, C., Wesche, J., Malerod, L. & Stenmark, H. Flat clathrin coats on endosomes mediate degradative protein sorting by scaffolding Hrs in dynamic microdomains. J. Cell Sci. 119, 2414–2424 (2006).
Coonrod, E. M. & Stevens, T. H. The yeast vps class E mutants: the beginning of the molecular genetic analysis of multivesicular body biogenesis. Mol. Biol. Cell 21, 4057–4060 (2010).
Colombo, M. et al. Analysis of ESCRT functions in exosome biogenesis, composition and secretion highlights the heterogeneity of extracellular vesicles. J. Cell Sci. 126, 5553–5565 (2013).
Hurley, J. H. & Hanson, P. I. Membrane budding and scission by the ESCRT machinery: it’s all in the neck. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 11, 556–566 (2010).
Boura, E., Ivanov, V., Carlson, L. A., Mizuuchi, K. & Hurley, J. H. Endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) complexes induce phase-separated microdomains in supported lipid bilayers. J. Biol. Chem. 287, 28144–28151 (2012).
Booth, A., Marklew, C. J., Ciani, B. & Beales, P. A. The influence of phosphatidylserine localisation and lipid phase on membrane remodelling by the ESCRT-II/ESCRT-III complex. Faraday Discuss. 232, 188–202 (2021).
Levental, I., Levental, K. R. & Heberle, F. A. Lipid rafts: controversies resolved, mysteries remain. Trends Cell Biol. 30, 341–353 (2020).
Llorente, A. et al. Molecular lipidomics of exosomes released by PC-3 prostate cancer cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1831, 1302–1309 (2013).
Larios, J., Mercier, V., Roux, A. & Gruenberg, J. ALIX- and ESCRT-III-dependent sorting of tetraspanins to exosomes. J. Cell Biol. 19, e201904113 (2020). This work demonstrates that expression of an activated ALIX mutant is sufficient to recruit ESCRT-III to endosomes and drive the formation of tetraspanin-containing small EVs.
Lee, I. H., Kai, H., Carlson, L. A., Groves, J. T. & Hurley, J. H. Negative membrane curvature catalyzes nucleation of endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-III assembly. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112, 15892–15897 (2015).
Chiaruttini, N. et al. Relaxation of loaded ESCRT-III spiral springs drives membrane deformation. Cell 163, 866–879 (2015).
Bertin, A. et al. Human ESCRT-III polymers assemble on positively curved membranes and induce helical membrane tube formation. Nat. Commun. 11, 2663 (2020).
Adell, M. A. Y. et al. Recruitment dynamics of ESCRT-III and Vps4 to endosomes and implications for reverse membrane budding. eLife 6, e31652 (2017).
Edgar, J. R., Eden, E. R. & Futter, C. E. Hrs- and CD63-dependent competing mechanisms make different sized endosomal intraluminal vesicles. Traffic 15, 197–211 (2014).
Baietti, M. F. et al. Syndecan–syntenin–ALIX regulates the biogenesis of exosomes. Nat. Cell Biol. 14, 677–685 (2012). This work reveals the role of syntenin as an adaptor that captures cargoes like syndecan and CD63 for incorporation into exosomes formed through an ALIX–ESCRT pathway.
Stepp, M. A., Pal-Ghosh, S., Tadvalkar, G. & Pajoohesh-Ganji, A. Syndecan-1 and its expanding list of contacts. Adv. Wound Care 4, 235–249 (2015).
Ghossoub, R. et al. Tetraspanin-6 negatively regulates exosome production. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 5913–5922 (2020).
Elias, R. D. et al. Proline-rich domain of human ALIX contains multiple TSG101-UEV interaction sites and forms phosphorylation-mediated reversible amyloids. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 24274–24284 (2020).
Imjeti, N. S. et al. Syntenin mediates SRC function in exosomal cell-to-cell communication. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114, 12495–12500 (2017). This work demonstrates that SRC regulates the syndecan–syntenin–ALIX pathway of exosome biogenesis by phosphorylating syndecan 1 and syntenin.
Ghossoub, R. et al. Syntenin-ALIX exosome biogenesis and budding into multivesicular bodies are controlled by ARF6 and PLD2. Nat. Commun. 5, 3477 (2014).
Muralidharan-Chari, V. et al. ARF6-regulated shedding of tumor cell-derived plasma membrane microvesicles. Curr. Biol. 19, 1875–1885 (2009). This work reveals a pathway in which ARF6–PLD2 activation facilitates large ectosome formation by altering myosin activity.
Rider, M. A. et al. The interactome of EBV LMP1 evaluated by proximity-based BioID approach. Virology 516, 55–70 (2018).
留言 (0)