Sarah Larney AP, Mathers BM, Hickman M, Degenhardt L. A systematic review of injecting-related injury and disease among people who inject drugs. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;171:39–49.

Article  Google Scholar 

Dahlman D, Berge J, Bjorkman P, Nilsson AC, Hakansson A. Both localized and systemic bacterial infections are predicted by injection drug use: a prospective follow-up study in Swedish criminal justice clients. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(5): e0196944.

Article  Google Scholar 

Tsybina P, Kassir S, Clark M, Skinner S. Hospital admissions and mortality due to complications of injection drug use in two hospitals in Regina, Canada: retrospective chart review. Harm Reduct J. 2021;18(1):44.

Article  Google Scholar 

Coye AE, Bornstein KJ, Bartholomew TS, Li H, Wong S, Janjua NZ, et al. Hospital costs of injection drug use in Florida. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72(3):499–502.

Article  Google Scholar 

Fleischauer AT, Ruhl L, Rhea S, Barnes E. Hospitalizations for endocarditis and associated health care costs among persons with diagnosed drug dependence - North Carolina, 2010–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66(22):569–73.

Article  Google Scholar 

Weir MA, Slater J, Jandoc R, Koivu S, Garg AX, Silverman M. The risk of infective endocarditis among people who inject drugs: a retrospective, population-based time series analysis. CMAJ. 2019;191(4):E93–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Alkhouli M, Alqahtani F, Alhajji M, Berzingi CO, Sohail MR. Clinical and economic burden of hospitalizations for infective endocarditis in the United States. Mayo Clin Proc. 2020;95(5):858–66.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mori M, Brown KJ, Bin Mahmood SU, Geirsson A, Mangi AA. Trends in infective endocarditis hospitalizations, characteristics, and valve operations in patients with opioid use disorders in the United States: 2005–2014. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9(6): e012465.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ronan MV, Herzig SJ. Hospitalizations related to opioid abuse/dependence and associated serious infections increased sharply, 2002–12. Health Aff (Millwood). 2016;35(5):832–7.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bearnot B, Mitton JA, Hayden M, Park ER. Experiences of care among individuals with opioid use disorder-associated endocarditis and their healthcare providers: results from a qualitative study. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2019;102:16–22.

Article  Google Scholar 

Biancarelli DL, Biello KB, Childs E, Drainoni M, Salhaney P, Edeza A, et al. Strategies used by people who inject drugs to avoid stigma in healthcare settings. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;198:80–6.

Article  Google Scholar 

Dunleavy K, Hope V, Roy K, Taylor A. The experiences of people who inject drugs of skin and soft tissue infections and harm reduction: a qualitative study. Int J Drug Policy. 2019;65:65–72.

Article  Google Scholar 

Miller AC, Polgreen PM. Many opportunities to record, diagnose, or treat injection drug-related infections are missed: a population-based cohort study of inpatient and emergency department settings. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68(7):1166–75.

Article  Google Scholar 

Serota DP, Niehaus ED, Schechter MC, Jacob JT, Jones J, Ray SM, et al. Disparity in quality of infectious disease vs addiction care among patients with injection drug use-associated staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2019;6(7):ofz289-ofz.

Article  Google Scholar 

Muncan B, Kim EK, Amabile A, Weimer MB, Nguemeni Tiako MJ, Vallabhajosyula P, et al. Cardiac surgeons’ perspectives and practices regarding people who use drugs: a scoping review. J Card Surg. 2022;37(3):630–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Cooksey GE, Epps JL, Moye RA, Patel N, Shorman MA, Veve MP. Impact of a plan of care protocol on patient outcomes in people who inject drugs with infective endocarditis. J Infect Dis. 2020;222(5(Supplement_5)):506-S12.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hazen A, Pizzicato L, Hom J, Johnson C, Viner KM. Association between discharges against medical advice and readmission in patients treated for drug injection-related skin and soft tissue infections. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2021;126: 108465.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Coye AE, Jones MT, Bornstein KJ, Tookes HE, St Onge JE. A missed opportunity: underutilization of inpatient behavioral health services to reduce injection drug use sequelae in Florida. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2021;16(1):46.

Article  Google Scholar 

National Academies of Sciences E, Medicine, Health, Medicine D, Board on Population H, Public Health P, et al. Opportunities to improve opioid use disorder and infectious disease services integrating responses to a dual epidemic. Washington DC: National Academies Press; 2020.

Google Scholar 

Serota DP, Barocas JA, Springer SA. Infectious complications of addiction: a call for a new subspecialty within infectious diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;70(5):968–72.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lewis S, Liang SY, Schwarz ES, Liss DB, Winograd RP, Nolan NS, et al. Patients with serious injection drug use-related infections who experience patient-directed discharges on oral antibiotics have high rates of antibiotic adherence but require multidisciplinary outpatient support for retention in care. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022;9(2):ofab633.

Article  Google Scholar 

Fanucchi LC, Walsh SL, Thornton AC, Lofwall MR. Integrated outpatient treatment of opioid use disorder and injection-related infections: a description of a new care model. Prev Med. 2019;128: 105760.

Article  Google Scholar 

Weimer MB, Falker CG, Seval N, Golden M, Hull SC, Geirsson A, et al. The need for multidisciplinary hospital teams for injection drug use-related infective endocarditis. J Addict Med. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000916.

Article  Google Scholar 

Paras ML, Wolfe SB, Bearnot B, Sundt TM, Marinacci L, Dudzinski DM, et al. Multidisciplinary team approach to confront the challenge of drug use-associated infective endocarditis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2021.10.048.

Article  Google Scholar 

Englander H, Jones A, Krawczyk N, Patten A, Roberts T, Korthuis PT, et al. A taxonomy of hospital-based addiction care models: a scoping review and key informant interviews. J Gen Intern Med. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-022-07618-x.

Article  Google Scholar 

Marks LR, Munigala S, Warren DK, Liang SY, Schwarz ES, Durkin MJ. Addiction medicine consultations reduce readmission rates for patients with serious infections from opioid use disorder. Clin Infect Dis : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2019;68(11):1935–7.

Article  Google Scholar 

Nolan NS, Marks LR, Liang SY, Durkin MJ. Medications for opioid use disorder associated with less against medical advice discharge among persons who inject drugs hospitalized with an invasive infection. J Addict Med. 2021;15(2):155–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Barocas JA, Morgan JR, Wang J, McLoone D, Wurcel A, Stein MD. Outcomes associated with medications for opioid use disorder among persons hospitalized for infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72(3):472–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Jo Y, Nosal R, Vittori A, Cordova L, Vandever C, Alvarez C, et al. Effect of initiation of medications for opioid use disorder on hospitalization outcomes for endocarditis and osteomyelitis in a large private hospital system in the United States, 2014-2018. Addiction. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15393.

Article  Google Scholar 

Englander H, Dobbertin K, Lind BK, Nicolaidis C, Graven P, Dorfman C, et al. Inpatient addiction medicine consultation and post-hospital substance use disorder treatment engagement: a propensity-matched analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 2019;34(12):2796–803.

Article  Google Scholar 

Wakeman SE, Metlay JP, Chang Y, Herman GE, Rigotti NA. Inpatient addiction consultation for hospitalized patients increases post-discharge abstinence and reduces addiction severity. J Gen Intern Med. 2017;32(8):909–16.

Article  Google Scholar 

Serota DP, Tookes HE, Hervera B, Gayle BM, Roeck CR, Suarez E, et al. Harm reduction for the treatment of patients with severe injection-related infections: description of the Jackson SIRI Team. Ann Med. 2021;53(1):1960–8.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Damschroder LJ, Aron DC, Keith RE, Kirsh SR, Alexander JA, Lowery JC. Fostering implementation of health services research findings into practice: a consolidated framework for advancing implementation science. Implement Sci. 2009;4:50.

Article  Google Scholar 

Miles MBHA. Qualitative data analysis: an expanded sourcebook. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 1994.

Google Scholar 

Thomas DR. A general inductive approach for analyzing qualitative evaluation data. Am J Eval. 2006;27(2):237–46.

Article  Google Scholar 

Meyerson BE, Russell DM, Kichler M, Atkin T, Fox G, Coles HB. I don’t even want to go to the doctor when I get sick now: healthcare experiences and discrimination reported by people who use drugs, Arizona 2019. Int J Drug Policy. 2021;93: 103112.

Article  Google Scholar 

Summers PJ, Hellman JL, MacLean MR, Rees VW, Wilkes MS. Negative experiences of pain and withdrawal create barriers to abscess care for people who inject heroin. A mixed methods analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;190:200–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Gilbert AR, Hellman JL, Wilkes MS, Rees VW, Summers PJ. Self-care habits among people who inject drugs with skin and soft tissue infections: a qualitative analysis. Harm Reduct J. 2019;16(1):69.

Article  Google Scholar 

McNeil R, Kerr T, Pauly B, Wood E, Small W. Advancing patient-centered care for structurally vulnerable drug-using populations: a qualitative study of the perspectives of people who use drugs regarding the potential integration of harm reduction interventions into hospitals. Addiction. 2016;111(4):685–94.

Article  Google Scholar 

Fanucchi LC, Lofwall MR, Nuzzo PA, Walsh SL. In-hospital illicit drug use, substance use disorders, and acceptance of residential treatment in a prospective pilot needs assessment of hospitalized adults with severe infections from injecting drugs. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2018;92:64–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

King C, Collins D, Patten A, Nicolaidis C, Englander H. Trust in hospital physicians among patients with substance use disorder referred to an addiction consult service: a mixed-methods study. J Addict Med. 2022;16(1):41–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sikka MK, Gore S, Vega T, Strnad L, Gregg J, Englander H. “OPTIONS-DC”, a feasible discharge planning conference to expand infection treatment options for people with substance use disorder. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):772.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Seval N, Frank CA, Litwin AH, Roth P, Schade MA, Pavlicova M, et al. Design and methods of a multi-site randomized controlled trial of an integrated care model of long-acting injectable buprenorphine with infectious disease treatment among persons hospitalized with infections and opioid use disorder. Contemp Clin Trials. 2021;105: 106394.

Article  Google Scholar 

Metsch LR, Feaster DJ, Gooden L, Matheson T, Stitzer M, Das M, et al. Effect of patient navigation with or without financial incentives on viral suppression among hospitalized patients with HIV infection and substance use: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016;316(2):156–70.

Article  Google Scholar 

Wakeman SE, Rigotti NA, Herman GE, Regan S, Chang Y, Snow R, et al. The effectiveness of post-discharge navigation added to an inpatient addiction consultation for patients with substance use disorder; a randomized controlled trial. Subst Abus. 2021;42(4):646–53.

Article  Google Scholar 

Gryczynski J, Nordeck CD, Welsh C, Mitchell SG, O’Grady KE, Schwartz RP. Preventing hospital readmission for patients with comorbid substance use disorder : a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2021;174(7):899–909.

Article  Google Scholar